Level: Level 3

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q5 – VAT Apportionment

Explain VAT rules for goods on sale or return and input tax apportionment for taxable and exempt supplies.

a) Tanji Enterprises Ltd. operates a Fuel Filling Station and a huge Supermarket in Tamale within the same premises. A joint tax audit team from the LTU Office visited Tanji and noted that Tanji supplies taxable and non-taxable goods and services to customers but fails to notice the split distinction between these services. The VAT team therefore has disallowed some claims and apportioned others to reflect the true VAT claimable.

Required:
i. Explain the VAT rules for goods supplied on sale or return.
ii. Discuss the apportionment of input tax for taxable and exempt supplies.

(b).Required:

Discuss the VAT rules on the timing of supply for the following:

i. Goods or services applied to own use, gifted, or supplied under hire purchase or finance lease.

ii. Continuous or metered supplies like electricity.

iii. Goods supplied under a hire purchase agreement or finance lease.

iv. Goods or services supplied under rental agreements or periodic payments.

v. Ancillary supplies.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q4 – Employee Loan Taxation

Advise on tax implications of a $300M loan and bonus for Dr. Ababio, including relevant Tax Act provisions.

(a). Dr. Ababio discusses an engagement she recently accepted with an investment banker with you for advice. She indicates that one of the recruiting inducements that convinced her to accept the position is a $300M loan from her employer. She will receive the loan proceeds on her first day of work and must sign a note to repay the loan plus accrued interest in five equal annual installments.

The employer will forgive any amount of the unpaid debt if Dr. Ababio dies, becomes disabled, or is terminated from employment through no fault of her own. Dr. Ababio’s contract provides that the employer will pay an annual bonus equal to each loan repayment. The contract stipulates that the bonus must be applied to the repayment of her loan.

Required:
i) Advise Dr. Ababio on the implications, if any, of this engagement provisions.
ii) Discuss any three provisions in the Tax Act which will support the position the Commissioner will take in respect of the taxability or otherwise of this engagement provision.

(b). The Free Zone Act declares a 10-year tax holiday for Free Zone Operators. Sweet Entities Inc. desires to set up in the Free Zone enclave but requires an understanding of the practical tax concessions granted to free operators. To this effect, the Tax Director of Sweet Entities Inc. requires that you do a practical presentation of the flow of the corporate tax-exempt concession as extended to the operator. He therefore provides you with the following business forecast for the first 10-year period as follows.
All figures in $M

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Adjusted Profit 10 60 150 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 520 600 620
Capital Allowance 1000 600 300 150 50 20 20 600 340 200

Compute the tax position, if any, of Sweet Entities Inc. for the exempt period.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q3 – Venture Capital Taxation

Present tax concessions for Venture Capital Operators compared to traditional banks.

As part of the post qualification requirements of The Chartered Institute of Taxation, you have been invited to do a presentation on the topic “Venture Capital Fund” to a select group of business men, tax professionals, financial institutions and students.

Invitation
Members of the Ghana Institute of Taxation and the Institute of Bankers wish to use this opportunity to strengthen the cordial relationship subsisting between them and have therefore invited you to do a presentation on the tax effects of Venture Capital Operators as compared with that of the traditional financial institutions.

Required:
Please prepare a presentation as required under Invitation above clearly distinguishing between Tax concessions granted to a Venture Capital as compared with the Bank.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q2 – Employee Taxation

Outline Ghanaian tax and social security implications for a French employee working in Ghana under a Double Tax Treaty.

Mr. Nor Amid, the Human Capital Resource Person of Amanda Inc, an entity registered in France sends a brief note to you in respect of a duty tour of an employee as follows:
“Amanda is sending an employee to Ghana and I am hoping that you could provide guidance for Amanda. Our understanding is as that:

  • The employee is French and may be kept on the French payroll
  • The employee’s remuneration will be cross charged to Amanda in France and Ghana
  • The employee, according to French Tax Law, will be French for tax purposes
  • The employee will spend 40% or less of his time in France
  • The employee will spend between 40 to 60% of his time in Ghana and whilst in Ghana the employee will be accommodated in hotels, will have free use of car with fuel and free meal.
  • The employee will spend his time in Ghana from 7 to 25 days at a time depending on need.

Would you kindly provide us with a brief outline of the Ghanaian tax and social security implications for Amanda and the employee? Kindly note that Ghana has an operating ‘Double Tax Treaty’ with France.

Required:
(a). Please submit a memo to respond to the concerns raised by Mr. Nor Amid.

(b). Ghana has general tax-avoidance rules in the tax acts. Kindly discuss any three practice methods adopted by the Revenue Agencies to regulate transfer pricing between related parties?

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Tax Planning

Advise on tax concerns and advantages of capitalizing profits as dividends for JoyCo Ltd.

(a). Mr. Joe Mensah, the MD of JoyCo Ltd is required to submit his company’s financial statement for the year 2006 to the Board next Tuesday. One particular item which Mr. Mensah intends to push for Board approval is a declaration of dividends consisting of a capitalization of profits to firm up member’s confidence in the earnings power of their investment in Joyco Ltd.

Mr. Joe Mensah has approached you with this strategy and requires that you advise on the tax concerns and advantages that capitalization of profits could have under the Internal Revenue.

Required:
Please advise Mr. Mensah as required above on this strategy.

(b). At a tax forum organised by the Chartered Institute of Taxation, a VAT representative submitted that “because of the right to deduct input VAT, VAT should be neutral for persons subject to VAT. A supplier of goods and services charges output VAT on sales and deducts input VAT on purchases, paying the balance to the VAT Service”

Mr. Anamang strongly objected to this simple statement and proposed a modification to it. He proposed “however, there is often a mismatch between theory and reality. VAT administrations for companies pose grave problems, but there are benefits in a VAT grouping scheme.

Required:
Kindly discuss any four VAT imposed problems that could be eliminated where group members are permitted to report a VAT transaction as a group rather than as a single taxable person.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2012 – L3 – Q5 – Taxable Supplies

Determine when specified transactions become taxable supplies under Act 592.

a). Determine when the following items become taxable supplies under Act 592.

  1. Imported services
  2. Supplies made by a non-resident person
  3. Deposits given in respect of a supply
  4. Goods supplied on sale or return.

b). The need for Customs, Excise, and Preventive Service (CEPS) to examine goods imported has often been debated since the nature, description, quantity and quality of the goods are in most cases declared in many ways. This practice has its advantages and disadvantages.

Required:
Discuss any four major reasons to support the need for CEPS personnel to examine goods and their relevant documents before export or import.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2012 – L3 – Q4 – International Employment Taxation

Advise on tax implications for employee transferred to Guinea.

(a). Hi Yaw,
We need your advice on a new development in our outfit concerning the payment of salary to one of our employee who has been assigned to our project in Guinea. We shall be paying him physically from here (Ghana) and surcharge this cost to our Guinea Office as that is where we want his cost to settle in.

Please kindly advise us on the tax implications as we do not want to pay double tax on this both in Ghana and in Guinea.

The employee is in the books (payroll) of the Ghana Office currently and is living in a house rented by the Ghana office. He has paid his tax up to date of his transfer.

Required:
Please advise as appropriate.

(b). A VAT validation team visited Otere Company Ltd., a VAT registered entity for a routine audit. The validating team found no significant VAT records to support Otere’s business activities and the monthly VAT return. The MD of Otere responded to questions posed by the VAT team leader that it is not his business to keep records for the VAT office at his own cost.
The MD further said that he keeps records as he finds useful for his business interests. ‘It is the business of the VAT office to keep records for VAT registered persons. Why should I pay the salaries of staff only to keep records for the VAT office?’ he opined

Required:
As leader of the VAT team, kindly discuss the position of the VAT Act with respect to the keeping of records for purposes of the VAT.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2012 – L3 – Q3 – Tax Responsibilities

Advise BIC on VAT, corporate, expatriate, and withholding tax responsibilities.

Broadway International Contractors (BIC) won the bid to construct the George Bush highway for five years but was ill advised about the tax responsibilities in respect of the construction work.

The GRA conducted a tax audit on completion of the project and noted several weaknesses in BICs tax compliance requirements.

As Tax Consultant you have been approached by BIC to advise as appropriate on the tax effects of the work. In particular Broadway International Contractors would wish to receive advice on their
a) Basic VAT responsibilities (8 marks)
b) Basic corporate tax responsibilities (8 marks)
c) Expatriate Payroll liability (4 marks)
d) Withholding tax liability on payments receivable from the Ministry of Highways and payment for services? (2 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2012 – L3 – Q2 – Partnership Taxation

Compute chargeable income and tax payable for partners Nancy and Bouncy for 2010.

Nancy and Bouncy are equal partners in a hairdo practice. Partnership profit agreed with the GRA for year 2010 is GHc12,000.
a). Records however indicate that partnership profit was net of:

  1. Drawings of GHc600 each monthly period by Nancy and Bouncy;
  2. Household allowance of GHc150 per month paid by the partnership to each partner;
  3. Salary for each partner paid during the period was GHc200 p.m. on which a withholding tax of GHC per month is paid to the GRA;
    b). Nancy failed to account for GHc1,500 which she was to use to purchase driers for the saloon.
    c). To reciprocate Nancy’s gesture, Bouncy also withdrew GHc1,800 on the pretext of buying flyers for the saloon. She failed to account for the flyers or the amount. It has been agreed that they all should treat the amounts b) and c) above as exceptional drawings from the business.

Required:
Compute the chargeable income and tax payable by each partner for the 2010 year of assessment.
Hint:
Short formula for computing an individual’s annual tax payable for year 2010 is:
Tax = T + (Y – 16,200) × 25%, where
Tax = Total tax payable per annum on annual income earnings
T = tax paid on GH16,200.00 being part of the earnings which is GHC2,574.60
Y = Annual income earned.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2012 – L3 – Q1 – Tax Computation

Compute tax liability for Jamaa Mining Company for 2008 and 2009 based on provided financials.

The profit and loss account of Jamaa Mining Company Ltd for the years ended December 2008 and 2009 are as tabled below:

Year Ended 31 December (all amounts in ‘000)
2009 GHC 2008 GHC
Turnover 309,000 430,000
Cost of Sales (164,000)
Gross Profit 145,000
General and Admin Exp (100,000)
Operating Profit 45,000
Other Income 5,300
Net Profit before tax 50,300
Income Tax provision 12,575
Transfer to Income Surplus 37,725
Income Surplus Account
Balance brought forward 46,945
Transfer from profit and loss account 9,220
Surplus carried forward 46,945

Notes:
2. Turnover is made up as follows
For year

2009 2008
Collected for year but included in prior year a/c 291,000
Interest income received for 18 months 0 18,000
309,000
  1. Cost of sales includes:

2009 2008
Withholding taxes paid 1,500 1,000
VAT unclaimed 6,000 8,000
Depreciation 43,000 25,000

4a. Gen and Admin expenses includes

2009 2008
Rent prepaid of 3,000
Rent outstanding 500 500

4b. Includes unrealized foreign exchange gain of but realized in 2009

2009 2008
2,000 2,000

The GRA has agreed a capital allowance of GHC20,000 for year 2009 and GHC15,000 for year 2008.

Required:
Please advise management of Jamaa Mining Company Ltd on the tax due to the GRA for the years 2009 and 2008.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q5- International public sector accounting standards

Explain major activities of IPSASB to deliver its mandate.

a) The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) – formerly the Public Sector Committee (PSC) – of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) focuses on the accounting, auditing and financial reporting needs of national, regional, and local governments, related governmental agencies and the constituencies they serve. In 2004, the PSC was relaunched as the IPSASB with revised terms of reference to reflect the Board’s mandate.

Required:                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (i) Explain the major areas of activities undertaken by IPSASB to deliver its mandate.                                                                                (ii) Discuss FOUR non-authoritative materials that the IPSASB develops and issues in fulfilling its objectives.

b) Public Financial Management requires regulation within a macroeconomic framework to ensure that public funds are sustainable, reduction of fiscal risk and to support the general economic policy of the Government. In the Government’s quest to realise this goal, the role of the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Ghana cannot be overlooked.

Required: Explain FIVE roles each of the Minister for Finance and the Bank of Ghana in supporting the general economic policy of government.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q5 – Financial and Sustainability Performance Analysis

Analyze Kyenku PLC's financial and sustainability performance over 2022-2024 using given metrics, compared to 2024 sector averages.

a) As Financial Accountant of Kyenku PLC (Kyenku), you have received an email from the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) asking you to analyse and interpret the following key financial and nonfinancial metrics to assist prepare for an upcoming board meeting.
These metrics, which were autogenerated by Kyenku’s robotic technology-based tool, are available for the last three (3) years of Kyenku, along with comparable ones for the average firm for 2024.

2022 2023 2024 Sector average 2024
Gross profit margin 11.23% 11.98% 12.26% 12.12%
Profit (before tax) margin 4.41% 4.53% 3.49% 4.38%
Return on capital employed 4.00% 3.62% 3.62% 4.07%
Accounts receivables period 32 days 35 days 36 days 36 days
Inventory turnover (in times) 7.10 7.65 7.79 8.33
Acid test ratio 1.24 1.26 1.97 1.85
Debt/debt+equity 42.10% 46.67% 41.06% 35.59%
Times interest earned 2.34 2.55 2.46 3.03
Basic and diluted earnings per share (pesewas) 106 106 108 109
Net operating cash flows to dividend payment ratio 2.55 (1.2) 1.58 1.95
Direct green-house gas emissions (in tonnes) 50,800 61,000 61,600 –
Number of manufacturing sites 20 24 25 –
Employee satisfaction score (out of total score of 5) 3.9 4.5 4.4 4.1
Female representation (all-employees) 31% 37% 45.5% 40.1%
Gender pay gap 38.2% 38.1% 40.0% 41.4%

Required:
Using the above metrics, produce a suitable response memo to offer a detailed assessment of Kyenku’s profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing and investment along with some comments on its sustainability performance, over the last three years and in relation to the sector average.

b) Bepong Company LTD has decided to close down a production facility as result of a significant environmental concerns.

Required:

Detail disclosures required of Bepong Company LTD as a result of managing its climate-related risk.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q4 – Business Valuation

Calculate share value for Gogomi LTD using net assets, price-earnings, and dividend yield methods.

a) Gogomi LTD, a privately owned joint venture, produces a range of equipment for the oil and gas industry in Ghana. One of the venturers, Oman Pension Funds (OPF), who holds one-third of Gogomi LTD’s ordinary shares, has decided to sell all of its holdings. This plan forms part of measures OPF is using to redirect focus of its investment strategy by replacing its equity assets with fixed-income holdings. OPF would therefore like to know the current value of its shareholdings to guide it during any negotiation with a potential buyer.
The following draft financial statements (together with the additional information) should be used to estimate the share value:

Draft statement of profit or loss of Gogomi LTD for the year ended 31 August 2024

GH¢000
Revenue 115,500
Cost of sales (80,300)
Gross profit 35,200
Selling and distribution (12,300)
Administrative expenses (8,550)
Profit before tax 14,350
Tax (2,030)
Profit after tax 12,320

Draft statement of financial position of Gogomi LTD as at 31 August 2024

GH¢000
Assets
Non-current assets:
Properties 52,400
Plant and equipment 53,300
Current assets 35,300
Total assets 141,000
Equity and liabilities
Capital and reserves
Ordinary shares @ GH¢2 each 24,000
10% Irredeemable preference shares @ GH¢1.50 each 6,000
Retained earnings 57,500
Non-current liabilities 38,080
Current liabilities 15,420
Total equity and liabilities 141,000

Additional information:

  1. Included in properties is an office building whose fair value has been measured by a valuation specialist at GH¢25 million. This value compares to a book value of GH¢19.5 million. Plant is not yet adjusted for a required reversal of GH¢2 million impairment charge previously written off to profit or loss account against an item of plant. On 28 August 2024, Gogomi LTD bought an item of equipment and paid GH¢15.2 million, net of 5% withholding tax, to the equipment dealer. Management have expensed the associated withholding tax (already paid to the local tax office) within the income statement.
  2. Included in receivables is an amount of GH¢4.4 million owed by a customer who has fallen into an unexpected, serious financial difficulty. As a consequence, expert assessment indicates that Gogomi LTD will have to wait until 31 August 2025 to receive the full amount in a single payment.
  3. Gogomi LTD’s current ordinary dividend cover computed, based on the above draft accounts, is 4. Preference dividends have been fully paid.
  4. A comparable quoted firm’s price-earnings ratio and dividend yield are 7.2 and 4.52% respectively. No adjustment should be made to these ratios, if they are used in any computations.
  5. Applicable cost of capital is 10%.

Required:
Determine a range of values to be placed on each ordinary share of Gogomi LTD using:
i) Net assets basis
ii) Price-earnings basis
iii) Dividend yield basis

b) For the purpose of consolidation, a parent must consolidate all controlled entities. However, there is an exemption that applies to investment entities.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q3 – Fair Value Measurement

Calculate fair value of 300 cars using IFRS 13, based on market data from three zones.

a) Djato Autos LTD (DA) is a major car distributor in Ghana. DA is currently preparing its financial statements for the year ended 31 August 2024. The company sells cars in three different zones across Ghana. At reporting date, DA has a fleet of 300 cars (same type, model, and age) for which DA’s directors would like to estimate their fair value.
The board chairperson believes that the fair value should be based on inputs from the market which provides the highest net benefits from car sales. Information about all three markets is as follows:

Total market volume DA’s sales volume Selling price GH¢ Transportation costs GH¢ Transaction costs GH¢
Northern zone 6,500 960 27,000 2,000 1,500
Southern zone 9,800 608 28,000 3,100 1,900
Western zone 5,000 800 25,000 2,500 2,500
Total 21,300 2,368

Required:
In line with IFRS 13: Fair Value Measurement, explain with calculations how much fair value should be placed on the total 300 cars at 31 August 2024, and comment on the correctness of the board chairperson’s opinion.

b) A pharmaceutical entity, Kwanpa Pharma (KP), is currently developing a drug that will be used in the treatment of a very specific ailment affecting a small group of patients. Management has decided to pursue this drug for reputational reasons. KP has introduced an innovative pricing mechanism for this drug, whereby a patient will only pay if the drug is proven to be effective. KP has received regulatory approval from the Food and Drugs Authority and believes that all other capitalisation criteria in IAS 38: Intangible Assets have been met, except for concerns about its market potential.
In a different situation, KP has determined that it has met the capitalisation criteria for a vaccine delivery device. It is continuing expenditure on the device to add new functionality. The development of this device will require new regulatory approval.

Required:
In line with IAS 38: Intangible Assets, explain how KP should account for the development cost for the limited market use and the development expenditure on the new functionality.

c) Tupaye Minerals LTD (TML) is making significant strides in Ghana’s mining sector with its recent discovery of lithium deposits in commercial quantities. This project is poised to be the first lithium mine in the country and industry specialists expect it to significantly contribute to the global supply of spodumene concentrate – a critical raw material for lithium-ion batteries. The company aims to produce over 300,000 tonnes of spodumene concentrate annually, making it one of the largest operations of its kind globally. As expected, the Project has garnered huge attention for its potential economic benefits, including job creation, local investment opportunities and substantial revenue generation. Recently, TML listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), allowing local investors to participate in the project and aiming to foster greater local ownership and economic inclusion.
Despite its promising prospects, the project faces multifaceted challenges spanning environmental, social and governance concerns that need addressing to ensure long-term viability and minimal negative impact on the environment and local communities. For instance, to initiate its operations, there is the need for extensive land clearing, while during operations, a water-intensive extraction technology is expected to be deployed. Due to the expected heightened health risks from exposure to the mining-related pollutants, local communities are to be relocated. Industry experts suggest that regulatory compliance is likely to be hindered by enforcement weaknesses, while transparency and accountability issues risk undermining sustainability and community trust. The experts similarly suggest that to ensure long-term sustainability, there is the need for robust post-mining land rehabilitation, ongoing community engagement, and the adoption of sustainable mining practices like renewable energy usage and efficient waste management to mitigate environmental impacts.
You are the honourary Vice-President in charge of climate and sustainability research of a leading Think Tank in Ghana, you have been invited by a national television station as a guest speaker on its current affairs programme

Required:
Discuss the sustainability issues associated with the operations of TML with regards to environmental, social and governance issues to help the ordinary Ghanaian understand the operations of TML.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q2 – Income Taxes

Calculate and present the financial accounting treatment for Amugi's tax items per IAS 12, including revaluation and tax losses.

a) Amugi, a public listed company, is a producer of soft drinks. Recently, Amugi has been experiencing financial difficulties attributed to a recession. Extract of Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 June 2024 are as shown below:

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024 (Extract)

GHC’000
Property, Plant and Equipment 214,080
Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax liability 13,080
Current liabilities
Current tax payable –

Statement of Profit or Loss account for the year ended 30 June 2024 (Extract)

GHC’000
Gross Profit 189,000
Distribution costs (200,520)
Loss before tax (11,520)
Income tax expense –
Loss for the year (11,520)

The carrying amount of land and buildings included in ‘Property, plant and equipment’ in the draft financial statements above was GH¢144 million. Depreciation for the period of GH¢14.4 million on property, plant and equipment has already been accounted for. The market value of the land and buildings as assessed by professionally qualified valuers was GH¢151.2 million as at 30 June 2024. Gains and losses on property are taxable or tax deductible on sale.

The tax base of all property, plant and equipment at 30 June 2024 was GH¢150.48 million. Losses incurred in the year ended 30 June 2024 that can be recognised for tax purposes (after taking into account disallowable expenses) amounted to GH¢23.04 million. In the industry in which Amugi operates, tax losses can be carried back for three years and then carried forward indefinitely. Amugi made a profit in the previous three years sufficient to absorb the current year tax losses. Amugi pays tax at 25% and the tax losses will be applied at that rate. The rate is not expected to change.

The deferred tax liability in the above extract statement of financial position is the figure at 1 July 2023. There were no temporary differences other than those noted above. Current tax assets and liabilities can be netted in the tax regime.

Required:
Using financial statement extracts, set out the financial accounting treatment of the above items in accordance with IAS 12: Income Taxes.

b) Paakofi is adopting IFRSs for the first time for the year ended 30 September 2024, with one year of comparative information. Information in respect of the years ending 30 September 2023 and 30 September 2022 is as follows:

30/9/2023 GHC’000 30/9/2022 GHC’000
Property, Plant and Equipment (previous GAAP)
– depreciated cost 77,600 80,400
– fair value 92,000 88,000
Capitalised staff training costs (at carrying amounts under previous GAAP) 3,000 4,000
Borrowing costs incurred for an asset under construction (cumulative) (expensed under previous GAAP) (asset construction began on 1 October 2021) 360 240
Provision for court case – previous GAAP valuation and recognition basis 1,200 480
– IFRS valuation and recognition basis – –

Paakofi wishes to use all exemptions available to the company on transition to IFRSs.

Required:
Calculate the total adjustment required to Paakofi’s opening equity at the date of transition to IFRSs (insofar as the information provided permits).

c) The diagram below relates to Mireku LTD.

Diagram Details (summarized):

  • Ayariga PLC holds significant influence over Mireku LTD.
  • Ahmed LTD is jointly controlled by Ayariga PLC.
  • Alex is a key management personnel of Mireku LTD.
  • Adorko is Alex’s domestic partner.
  • Twins are children of Alex and Adorko.
  • Ayine LTD is Mireku LTD’s main customer (55% of revenue).
  • Dennis, Adorko’s former spouse, pays monthly upkeep allowance to Adorko.
  • Jinapor LTD is controlled by Dennis.

Additional Information:
iii) Ayine LTD is Mireku LTD’s main customer, representing approximately 55% of Mireku’s revenue stream.
iv) Dennis pays monthly upkeep allowance to Adorko.

Required:
Justify whether each of the parties in the above diagram is or is not considered a related party of Mireku LTD in accordance with IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures.

d) Identify FOUR indicators of a hyperinflationary economy in accordance with IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q1 – Consolidated Cash Flows

Prepare Pato Aluworks Group's consolidated cash flow statement for 2024, including reconciliation note, using indirect method.

Pato Aluworks Group (Pato) is an aluminium processing and casting entity that supplies high quality aluminum coils to both local and foreign markets. Pato has 3 subsidiaries namely Asanka, Jaritan and Topoya and one associate Dosi all of which it acquired several years ago. The Group’s Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss Account for the year ended 31 December 2024 and Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as that date are set out below:

Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December (extract)

2024 2023
GH¢ GH¢
Profit from operations 651,150 640,496
Impairment reversal/(loss) 2,500 (1,250)
Finance costs (52,000) (40,825)
Share of profits of associate 127,575 108,439
Profit before tax 729,225 706,860
Income tax expense (145,800) (123,930)
Profit for the year (continuing operations) 583,425 582,930
Profit for the year (discontinued operations) 102,375
Profit for the year 685,800 582,930
Attributable to:
Owners of Pato 571,725 485,966
Non-controlling interest 114,075 96,964
685,800 582,930

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December

ASSETS 2024 2023
Non-current assets GH¢ GH¢
Property, plant and equipment 2,283,350 2,212,875
Intangible assets 22,000 –
Investment in associate 418,275 404,550
2,723,625 2,617,425
Current assets
Trade and other receivables 170,325 200,025
Cash and cash equivalents 46,125 32,625
216,450 232,650
Total assets 2,940,075 2,850,075
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Ordinary share capital (GH¢0.50 shares) 495,000 315,000
Share deals account 112,500 45,000
Retained earnings 1,491,750 1,518,975
Attributable to the equity holders of Pato 2,099,250 1,878,975
Non-controlling interest 315,450 339,300
2,414,700 2,218,275
Non-current liabilities
Lease Liabilities 239,100 300,000
Employee benefit obligations 42,150 37,500
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables 90,000 118,800
Due to related parties 1,125 –
Income tax payable 153,000 175,500
244,125 294,300
Total equity and liabilities 2,940,075 2,850,075

Additional information:
i) Pato owns 60% in Jaritan. The goodwill attributable to Pato arising on acquisition was GH¢67,500. The carrying value of Jaritan’s identifiable net assets (excluding goodwill arising on acquisition) in the group consolidation financial statements is GH¢180,000 at 31 December 2024. The recoverable amount of Jaritan is expected to be GH¢230,000 and no impairment loss had been recorded up to 31 December 2023.
ii) Pato sold all of its 75% shareholding in Asanka for cash during the year end December 31, 2024. As at December 31, 2023, all of the goodwill acquired in the business combination with Asanka had been written off. The profit from discontinued operations in the consolidated income statement above relates wholly to the sale of the shares in Asanka and can be analysed as follows:

GH¢
Profit before tax 93,150
Income tax expense (14,400)
Profit on disposal 23,625
102,375

The net assets of Asanka at the date of disposal were as follows:

GH¢
Property, plant and equipment 421,875
Trade and other receivables 31,275
Cash and cash equivalents 3,375
Trade and other payables (19,012)
437,512

iii) On 31 March 2024 Pato issued 100,000 ordinary shares for cash. This was followed by a bonus issue on 30 September 2024, utilising the share deals account. The consolidated statement of changes in equity for the year shows that all group companies paid ordinary dividends during the year.
iv) Depreciation of GH¢395,100 was recognised during the year ended 31 December 2024. In addition to the property, plant and equipment disposed of through the sale of Asanka, plant with a carrying amount of GH¢126,000 was sold for cash of GH¢135,000.
v) Trade and other payables include GH¢11,250 (2023: GH¢6,750) of unpaid interest due on the bank loan.

Required:
Prepare a consolidated statement of cash flows for Pato for the year ended 31 December 2024, including a note reconciling profit before tax to cash generated from operations, using the indirect method. (A note showing the effects of the disposal of Asanka is not required).

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q5 – Transfer Pricing

Prepare a functional analysis for a multinational group's entities from a transfer pricing perspective.

a) The global mobile technology industry is rapidly growing and Amega Cell LTD (AMC), has established itself as a leading Multinational Entity (MNE) in this industry. The AMC group is made up of entities involved in the manufacture, distribution and sale of media and communications processors (MCPs) that deliver advanced technologies and unmatched performance to desktop, mobile and professional systems.

Sarpeiman Technologies LTD (STL), in country A is responsible for conducting research and development, creating new MCPs for use in the telecommunication and mobile technology industry, as well as improvements in the design of MCPs. STL employs a number of highly skilled technical staff, including qualified software and electronic engineers. All of the AMC group’s intellectual property is legally owned by STL.

Resident in Country B is STL-Sub1, a wholly owned subsidiary of STL. STL-Sub1 is the entity in charge of manufacturing all of AMC’s products, making use of the know-how and intellectual property of STL. STL-Sub1 makes royalty payments to STL for the use of know-how in the manufacturing process for the MCPs. STL-Sub1 sells finished products to STL-Sub2 and STL-Sub3.

Resident in Country C is STL-Sub2, an entity which purchases finished goods from STL-Sub1 which it then distributes to end customers in the Country C. STL-Sub2 makes royalty payments to STL for use of the intellectual property attached to the products it sells to end customers.

Resident in Country D is STL-Sub3, an entity which purchases finished goods from STL-Sub1, which it then distributes to end customers in Country D. STL-Sub3 makes royalty payments to STL for the use of the intellectual property attached to the products it sells to end customers.

Each distributor entity within the group has an office, and employs highly-skilled staff involved in activities including administration, procurement, marketing and sales. Marketing and sales staff employed in this industry need to possess strong technical knowledge and communicate this to potential customers.

Required:

From a transfer pricing perspective, prepare a functional analysis of the parent company, indicating the entity characterisation for each group entity.

b) Chariston LTD, a US based company intends investing in Ghana for the first time. In the evaluation of the acquisition proposal, the following options are offered:

i) To acquire 50%

ii) To acquire 51%

The Ghanaian company identified as the target is into ceramic manufacturing and is located at Adukrom, a district capital in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

Required:

With practical illustrations, explain what Chariston LTD stands to benefit from both acquisition and also the implication for holding either option.

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q4 – VAT Cancellation

Explain the process for Batakari LTD to cancel its voluntary VAT registration under the Value Added Tax Act, 2013.

a) Batakari LTD was incorporated on 1 January 2024, and has since accumulated a lot of input VAT credit it could not deduct because the company was not registered for VAT. The company had not yet registered for VAT because it was yet to start generating revenue, and did not expect any revenue in the 2024 financial year. The company therefore applied for voluntary VAT registration under the Value Added Tax Act, 2013 (Act 870 as amended) on 1 March 2024. However, the Finance Manager of the company upon registering for VAT, and noticing the need to still file monthly VAT returns, intends to apply for cancellation of the company’s VAT registration on 31 March 2025. Required: Batakari LTD needs your assistance on how to go about the VAT cancellation process.

b) As a tax expert, you have been approached by the Junior Accountants you work with in the Finance Department of Mando Advisors. They have been debating all morning on the exempt supplies and zero-rated supplies. According to the Junior Accountants, “exempt supplies and zero-rated supplies are similar, and there is no material difference, if any, between the two, since in both cases, there is no output tax charged”. Required: As an expert, explain to the Junior Accountants the difference between exempt supplies and zero-rated supplies. Your answer should focus on tax accounting and compliance obligations regarding exempt and zero-rated supplies.

c) Dekyiwaa LTD has been registered as a VAT Withholding Agent. The company has received three (3) invoices, and needs your assistance on the amount of withholding VAT to be withheld and remitted to the GRA. Assume the taxes charged on these invoices are in full compliance with the provisions of the Value Added Tax Act, 2013 (Act 870 as amended). Invoice 1 (for the supply of stationery for the business)

GHc
Invoice amount 15,000
VAT @ 3% 450
COVID Levy @ 1% 150
Tax-inclusive value 15,600

Invoice 2 (for the supply of immovable property from an estate developer)

GHc
Invoice amount 570,000
VAT @ 5% 28,500
COVID Levy @ 1% 5,700
Tax-inclusive value 604,200

Invoice 3 (for the supply of internet broadband services from an internet service provider)

GHc
Invoice amount 500,000
NHIL @ 2.5% 12,500
GETFL @ 2.5% 12,500
COVID Levy @ 1% 5,000
CST @ 5% 25,000
555,000
VAT @ 15% 83,250
Tax-inclusive value 638,250

Required: For each of the three (3) invoices above, calculate and justify the amount of Withholding VAT that Dekyiwaa LTD should withhold and remit to the Ghana Revenue Authority in line with the provisions of the Value Added Tax Act, 2013 (Act 870 as amended).

d) Fiscal policy measures are tools for economic management. These are meant to stabilise the economy and minimise distortions. One of such measures is contractionary fiscal policy. Required: Explain how the Government of Ghana could use contractionary fiscal policy to fight inflation. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q3 – Tax Planning and Ethical Issues

Explain differences between tax planning and aggressive tax avoidance, manage conflict of interest, and benefits of foreign debt over domestic debt.

a) It has been said that there is a thin line between tax planning and tax avoidance. The line is a little thinner when one compares tax planning to aggressive tax avoidance. Required: Explain the areas of divergence between tax planning and aggressive tax avoidance. Do you however think the two may be similar in any way? (10 marks)

b) A conflict of interest occurs when an individual’s personal interests – family, friendships, financial or social factors such as serving two or more competing clients could compromise his or her judgement, decisions or actions in the performance of his/her duties. You are a tax expert at Pompor & Associates, a firm of Chartered Accountants and Tax Practitioners. Your third assignment is to carry out a tax health check into the affairs of one of the clients of your firm where your interest is likely to conflict. Required: Explain how you are likely to manage the actual or potential conflict of interest situation. (5 marks)

c) The Bank of Ghana’s summary of Economic and Financial data has over the years shown the escalating nature of Ghana’s public debt. Successive governments keep blaming themselves that despite the huge debts contracted over the years there is little development across the country. Published statistics also show that the total foreign debts mostly contracted outstrip the total domestic debt. You are the head of the Policy Unit of the Ministry of Finance who work closely with the Chief Director of the Ministry. Required: Draft a report for the perusal of the Chief Director for onward submission to the Minister to be tabled for cabinet discussion on FOUR benefits of foreign debt over domestic debt. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AT – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q2 – Taxation of Specialized Businesses

Compute tax payable for Kanto Mining Company for 2023, including adjustments for financial costs, royalties, and other income.

a) The following relates to the Kanto Mining Company (KMC) for the 2023 year of assessment.

GHe’ million
Operating Margin 1,700
Tax paid against 2023 year of assessment 100
Royalty paid 1.64

The following forms part of the tax returns of the company: i) The gross production was 2 million ounces of gold. ii) Revenue from the sale of the gold was GH¢6.8 billion. iii) Financial cost incurred from derivative which was included in the determination of the margin above was GH¢12 million. iv) The company made income from tailings amounting to GH¢14 million. The tailings value was not used in the determination of the margin above. v) The company received a machinery worth GH¢250 million in return for gold sold to affiliate, the market value of the machinery was GH¢270 million. This was not used in the computation of the margin above. vi) Research and development expenditure of GH¢0.7 million was used in arriving at the margin above. vii) Revenue received from the sale of fertilizer was GH¢45 million. This was a one-off transaction with an associated cost of GH¢23 million. These details have been included by the accountant in arriving at the margin above as part of gross revenue and production cost respectively. viii) Loan of GH¢120 million was received with interest of GH¢30 million each year to be liquidated in the next 4 years from an uncontrolled company. Part of the gold was used to pay for the interest repayment through a hedged programme. The quantity of gold was valued at GH¢38 million at the time of exchange and has not been accounted for in the books of account. ix) Shaft sinking and overburdening stripping cost incurred in the development of another field was GH¢67 million and added to production cost. x) Contribution towards community development programme of GH¢46.5 million was added to cost of production. The company provided proof with pictures of the donation with paper headlines on the ceremony. xi) Dividend received from three sources: a mining company at Obuasi, a petroleum upstream company in Takoradi and ceramics company at Datok (Upper East) all in Ghana amounting to GH¢20,000, GH¢30,000 and GH¢40,000 respectively. The total amount has been captured as part of revenue in note (ii) above. xii) Written Down Value carried forward of mining assets was GH¢140 million agreed with the Ghana Revenue Authority. They have granted capital allowance three times.

Required: Compute the tax payable.

b) Maanikuur Company LTD, a self-assessed taxpayer of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), estimated its chargeable income for the assessment year, 2023 to be GH¢30 million.

The company commissioned a new Plant in April 2023 and realised that its production capacity has improved hence revised its estimated chargeable income to GH¢50 million in May 2023 and notified the GRA accordingly. Withholding taxes of GH¢150,000 was paid in May 2023.

In November 2023, the Directors were advised by the company’s External Auditors to adjust their chargeable income to avoid an imposition of a penalty by GRA. This was adhered to and subsequently the estimate was further revised to GH¢75 million and notified GRA. Withholding taxes of GH¢260,000 was paid in November 2023.

The company submitted its 2023 annual tax returns on the due date of 30 April 2024 and posted actual chargeable income of GH¢93.750 million.

The company tax rate is 25% and the Bank of Ghana statutory rate is 20%.

Required: i) Compute the instalment payments for the four quarters in the 2023 year of assessment. (6 marks) ii) Compute penalty payable by Maanikuur Company LTD, if any for 2023. (2 marks)

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