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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5c – Profitability vs Liquidity Ratios

Explain the difference between profitability and liquidity ratios and provide two examples of each.

Accounting ratios cover a wide array of ratios that are used by accountants and act as different indicators that measure profitability, liquidity, and potential financial distress in a company’s financials.

Required:

Differentiate between profitability ratios and liquidity ratios and give TWO examples each.

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5a – Inventory Loss and Statement of Profit or Loss

Compute inventory loss due to fire and prepare a statement of profit or loss for a sole trader.

Mawulolo Enterprise is a retail business that prepares its accounts on 31 March each year. The business maintains a standard gross profit margin of 30% on sales.

The following financial information was extracted from its records as at 31 March 2024:

Item GH¢
Inventory at 1 April 2023 254,000
Operating Expenses 378,000
Finance Cost 58,000
Purchases 1,306,000
Sales 1,900,000
Inventory in good standing at 31 March 2024 192,000

On 31 March 2024, a fire outbreak in the warehouse destroyed some of the inventory records and goods.

The tax charge for the year is estimated at GH¢30,000.

Required:

i)Calculate the amount of inventory lost.

ii) Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 March 2024

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4- Preparation of Financial Statements for a Sole Trader

Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position for a sole trader from given financial data and adjustments.

The following list of assets, liabilities, and equity as at 30 June 2023 was extracted from the books of Akuorkor, a sole trader:

Trial Balance as at 30 June 2023

Item GH¢
Plant and equipment – cost 100,000
Accumulated depreciation – Plant & Equipment 36,000
Office fixtures – cost 25,000
Accumulated depreciation – Office Fixtures 2,500
Inventory 15,250
Trade receivables and prepayments 17,500
Trade payables and accrued expenses 8,800
Bank overdraft 4,425
Loan (10% interest per annum) 47,500
Capital 58,525

Summary of Receipts and Payments for the Year Ended 30 June 2024

Receipts GH¢
Capital introduced 11,000
Cash from customers 213,750
Total Receipts 224,750
Payments GH¢
Cash drawings (Note 5) 11,225
Loan repayments (Note 7) 10,000
Payment to suppliers 87,800
Rent 11,000
Wages 45,000
Office expenses 6,250
Total Payments 171,275

Additional Information:

  1. Closing inventory on 30 June 2024 was GH¢13,925.
  2. Depreciation policies:
    • Plant & Equipment: 20% per annum reducing balance.
    • Office Equipment: 10% per annum on cost.
    • Fixtures & Fittings: Straight-line method over 4 years with a full year’s charge in the year of acquisition.
  3. GH¢2,500 worth of fixtures & fittings was introduced into the business.
  4. Prepayments and accrued expenses as at 30 June 2023:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,250
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,150
  5. Cash drawings included:
    • Wages: GH¢3,375
    • Payments to suppliers: GH¢2,100
    • Advertising leaflets: GH¢1,300 (Half not yet distributed).
  6. Bank balance per statement: GH¢53,350 after adjusting for unpresented cheques.
  7. Loan repayments include GH¢4,750 in interest payments.
  8. Assets and liabilities as at 30 June 2024:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,350
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,625
    • Amounts due to suppliers: GH¢6,100
    • Amounts due from customers: GH¢11,150
  9. Major customer went into liquidation owing GH¢8,000; only 20% recoverable.

Required:

Prepare:
i) Statement of Profit or Loss for Akuorkor for the year ended 30 June 2024
ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024.

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3b – Bank Reconciliation

Prepare an adjusted cash book and reconcile it with the bank statement balance.

The cash book of Lawra Ltd as at 31 December 2023 shows a balance of GH¢36,900, which does not match the bank statement balance of GH¢41,100. Investigation revealed the following discrepancies:

  1. Cheques received of GH¢104,000, GH¢10,000, and GH¢24,900 were still in the business drawer.

  2. Standing orders for electricity charges (GH¢2,400) and insurance (GH¢3,600) were paid by the bank but not recorded in the cash book.

  3. The bank charged GH¢300 for a cheque book issued to Lawra Ltd.

  4. The bank incorrectly debited GH¢9,910 to Lawra Ltd’s account, which was intended for another customer.

  5. A credit transfer of GH¢10,000 was received but not recorded in the cash book.

  6. A cheque for GH¢140,000 drawn by Lawra Ltd was correctly recorded in the cash book but was debited as GH¢14,000 by the bank.

  7. The following cheques, paid in November 2023, remained unpresented:

    Cheque Number Amount (GH¢)
    0000111 4,000
    0000117 10,000
    0000120 9,310

Required:

i) Prepare the adjusted cash book for Lawra Ltd as at 31 December 2023.

ii) Prepare a bank reconciliation statement reconciling the adjusted cash book balance to the bank statement balance.  

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2b – Allowance for Receivables and Irrecoverable Debt

Prepare the allowance for receivables and irrecoverable debt expense accounts for a financial period.

At 1 August 2023, the balance on the allowance for receivables account was GH¢12,600.

At 31 August 2023, the company’s management decided that the revised balance should be 10% of the month-end accounts receivable.

Required:

Prepare the Allowance for Receivables and Irrecoverable Debt Expense accounts, showing the necessary entries for the financial period ending 31 August 2023.

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ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5b – Budgeting Models and Systems

Explain the benefits of GIFMIS to the government of Ghana.

Efforts to improve Public Financial Management (PFM) Systems in Ghana led to the Ghana Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS), which is an adaptation of the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS). The rationale of GIFMIS is to establish an integrated ICT-based PFM system in Ghana at national, regional, and district levels.

Required:

State FOUR benefits of GIFMIS to the government of Ghana.

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ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5a – Cost Segregation and Estimation

Determine fixed and variable cost components using regression analysis and estimate total cost for a given production level.

Ebo LTD is planning to determine its variable and fixed cost elements for its planned activity level for the next year. The company has recorded the following costs and production units in the past six months:

Month Units (X) Cost (Y)
January 5.8 40.3
February 7.7 47.1
March 8.2 48.7
April 6.1 40.6
May 6.5 44.5
June 7.5 47.1

Required:

i) Construct the least square regression model. 
ii) Determine the variable cost per unit of output using the model. 
iii) Determine the fixed cost for the month using the model. 
iv) Estimate the total cost if the company plans to produce 6,200 units.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q5b- Example of a Non-Traditional Product Life Cycle

Identifies and explains a product or service whose life cycle doesn't follow the traditional stages.

Identify and explain an example of a product or service whose life cycle has not conformed to the traditional pattern of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q5a- Product Life Cycle Stages

Match products to their corresponding stages in the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

A typical product life cycle has four main phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
Required:
Twelve products are listed below. Match these products to the stage they have probably reached in their life cycle, by filling in the following table.

  • Online music downloads
  • SMS messaging
  • (Hand-written) postcards
  • Personal identity cards using ‘iris-based’ technology
  • Folding screen mobile phones
  • Credit cards
  • Personal computers
  • Fifth generation (5G) mobile telephones
  • Cheque books
  • Typewriters
  • Smart cards (in banking)
  • E-conferencing                                                                                                                                                                                                     

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q4b-Performance Appraisal and Employee Competence

Describes the components of performance appraisal and suggests ways to assess employee competence.

A performance appraisal is a periodic and systematic process whereby the job performance of an employee is documented and evaluated. The performance appraisal process allows employees to understand specific competencies they excel at and where they might need improvement.
Required:
i) Describe THREE components of performance appraisal.
ii) Suggest how the competence of an employee might be assessed

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q4a-Advantages of Appointing a Single Distributor in Ghana

Discusses the advantages of appointing a single distributor for business operations in Ghana.

Beta Equipment is a Taiwanese manufacturer of various types of printers and has recently decided to export its products to Ghana. Beta Equipment is considering appointing a single distributor in Ghana who would represent the exporter and would be responsible for the entire marketing operations in this country.
Required:
Explain FIVE advantages that Beta Equipment would achieve through the appointment of a single distributor for import and distribution of its products in Ghana.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q3c-Explanation of a “51% Attack” in Blockchain

Defines a "51% attack" in blockchain and explains its implications.

Blockchain consists of multiple ‘blocks’ of digital information which are held in a public database known as a ‘chain’. Blockchain technology offers a number of advantages. However, it is susceptible to a form of cyber-attack known as 51% attack.
Required:
Explain what is meant by “51% attack”.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q3b-Hofstede’s Dimensions of Organisational Culture

Explains Hofstede's cultural dimensions and what a 51% blockchain attack entails.


Culture is a set of dominant beliefs, attitudes, values, and norms that is shared by a number of people. It is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group from members of another group. Likewise, the culture of a business organisation in one country will differ from the culture of organisations in a different country. Multinational companies face the challenge of trying to create a common original culture for an organisation that operates across national boundaries.
Hofstede developed a cultural dimension theory used to understand differences in culture across countries and the ways that business is done across different cultures.
Required:
According to Hofstede, explain FOUR dimensions to differences in organisational culture arising from differences in national culture.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q3a- Arguments Against Maximizing Shareholder Wealth Through Rational Strategic Planning

This question discusses arguments against the notion that a company should focus solely on maximizing shareholder wealth through rational strategic planning.

A company should make rational strategic plans with the aim of maximising the wealth of its equity shareholders.”

Explain the arguments against the above statement.

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BMIS-Nov-2024-L1-Q2b- Economic Factors Influencing Business Opportunities and Threats

Economic factors that shape business opportunities or threats based on the PEST model.

Explain THREE economic factors which determine the nature of opportunities or threats that organisations may face.

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BMIS-NOV2024-LV1-Q2a-Monopoly Control and Government Action

disadvantages of monopolies and government actions against them.

a) A monopoly is a market structure in which a single seller or producer assumes a dominant position in an industry or a sector. In most jurisdictions, legislations are in place to restrict monopolies and ensure that one business cannot control the market.

Required:
i) Explain THREE reasons monopoly control over a market might be undesirable. 
ii) Suggest THREE ways in which the government might act against monopolies.

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BMIS-Nov 2024-L1-Q1C- Decision-Making in Hospital Management

Centralised vs Decentralised decision-making in hospital management.

For each of the decisions below, identify whom you would expect to make the decision and briefly explain why.

  1. Decisions about the medical treatment or surgical treatment for individual patients.
  2. Establishing policy on hygiene standards in the hospitals.
  3. Scheduling operations in the operating theatres of each hospital.
  4. Discharging patients from hospital.
  5. Deciding the visiting times for patients in each hospital.
  6. Prescribing drugs for the treatment of patients.
  7. Hiring new staff, such as hospital porters and nurses.
  8. Dealing with payments from insurance companies for the treatment of insured patients.

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