(a) Public Accounts Committee
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a legislative body responsible for examining government expenditure and ensuring accountability. As per Section 85(5) of the 1999 Constitution, it reviews the Auditor-General’s report, addresses queries, and submits recommendations to the House. The PAC holds sessions to deliberate on these reports and can summon accounting officers for explanations, enforce sanctions, and perform other duties as required.

(b) Value-for-Money Audit
A Value-for-Money (VFM) audit is conducted to assess whether resources are used efficiently, effectively, and economically. Emphasizing accountability, particularly in the public sector, VFM audits provide oversight bodies with performance evaluations, offering insights and recommendations to encourage efficient, honest governance and promote accountability and best practices.

(c) Audit Alarm Committee
This committee, established at the state level, oversees financial transactions at local governments. Composed of the Auditor-General for Local Government, Directors of Local Government, and representatives of the State Accountant-General’s office, the committee ensures fraudulent payments are flagged, addresses audit concerns, and imposes sanctions when necessary.

(d) Due Diligence
Due diligence is a systematic investigation performed to verify all relevant information before making a major business decision, like a merger or acquisition. This includes reviewing financial statements, legal obligations, contracts, and potential risks to ensure an informed decision-making process.

(e) Due Process
Due process is a government-initiated procedure to ensure transparency and accountability in public procurement. By enforcing rules for competitive bidding and merit-based selection, it aims to prevent over-invoicing, inflated prices, and non-compliance in contract awards, ensuring value for money and ethical governance.