a. Advice to Daniel on breach of contract (5 Marks): Daniel’s action for breach of contract may succeed because the pharmaceutical company’s offer constituted a unilateral contract. Daniel accepted the offer by taking the vaccine and subsequently contracting the disease. The company’s failure to pay the agreed sum constitutes a breach. However, the specific terms of the offer and any disclaimers could affect the outcome.

b. Difference between a contract under seal and a simple contract (5 Marks):

• A contract under seal (also known as a deed) is a formal contract executed in writing and sealed by the parties. It does not require consideration to be enforceable.
• A simple contract is an informal contract, either written or oral, that requires consideration to be enforceable.

c. Validating a pre-incorporation contract (6 Marks):

• A pre-incorporation contract is one entered into by promoters on behalf of a company that has not yet been incorporated. It can be validated by ratification after the company is registered. If the company does not ratify the contract, the promoters remain personally liable.
• The contract becomes invalid if the company is not incorporated or fails to ratify the contract within a reasonable time after incorporation.

d. Objectives of ethical codes (4 Marks):

• To ensure professional conduct and integrity.
• To protect the public interest.
• To maintain the dignity and reputation of the profession.
• To promote transparency and accountability in professional activities.