State FOUR main features of bureaucracy as identified by Rosemary Stewart. (4 Marks)

  1. Hierarchical structure
    • A clearly defined hierarchical structure with a chain of command where each level controls the level below.
  2. Clear division of labor
    • Responsibilities are divided into specific roles with defined tasks for each individual or department.
  3. A set of formal rules and procedures
    • A system of standardized procedures and regulations to ensure consistency and control.
  4. Impersonality in decision-making
    • Decisions are based on rationality and objective criteria, rather than personal relationships or emotions.