a.

• Assumptions of reinforcement theory:

1. Positive reinforcement: Rewarding good behavior encourages repetition of such behavior.
2. Negative reinforcement: Removing a negative stimulus to encourage behavior.
3. Punishment: Introducing a negative outcome to discourage undesirable behavior.

• Three ways reinforcement theory could be applied in the business environment:

1. Performance-based rewards: Providing incentives for achieving targets.
2. Employee behavior management: Using rewards and consequences to shape employee actions.
3. Continuous feedback: Offering consistent feedback to reinforce desired outcomes.

b.

• Urwick’s Ten Principles of Management:

1. The Principle of Objective: The organization must have clear goals.
2. The Principle of Specialisation: Tasks should be divided into areas of expertise.
3. The Principle of Coordination: Departments should work together to achieve common objectives.
4. The Principle of Authority: Clear lines of authority are necessary for effective management.
5. The Principle of Responsibility: Individuals should be responsible for their specific roles.
6. The Principle of Definition: Tasks and roles must be clearly defined.
7. The Principle of Correspondence: Authority and responsibility must be equivalent.
8. The Principle of Span of Control: There is a limit to the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently oversee.
9. The Principle of Balance: Resources must be adequately balanced with tasks.
10. The Principle of Continuity: The organization must plan for long-term sustainability.