Topic: Risk Management in Audits

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AAA – May 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess key business risks and outline audit work to address risks in a retail and distribution company scenario.

Your firm was recently appointed the statutory auditors of Foodys, a limited liability company in Nigeria, for the year ended December 31, 2015. The previous auditors, from whom your firm has received professional clearance, did not wish to be re-appointed as auditors.

The principal activities of the company are the distribution and retail of fine Spanish food products. All products are imported from suppliers based in Spain and delivered to Foodys’s central warehouse in the southwest of Nigeria. The company has its own retail outlets but also supplies national supermarket chains and small independent retailers in Nigeria. Sales through Foodys’s retail outlets are on a cash basis, and sales to supermarkets and independent retailers are on credit basis.

The company maintains computerised records for inventories held at the distribution centre and retail outlets. The inventory records are supported by continuous counting procedures, and as a result, the company does not undertake a physical count at the year end.

Foodys’s retail outlets are equipped with computerised tills. As each sale is recorded, the computer updates the quantity sold and the inventory balance. The manager at each outlet is responsible for banking the takings on a daily basis.

During the year, the company engaged consultants to design and implement the company’s new website with online ordering facilities. Under the terms of the contract, the website was scheduled to be operational by the end of September 2015 in order to take advantage of the high seasonal demand at this time of the year. Due to technical problems, the website was not launched until the end of November 2015. The consultants have been paid in full for their work. However, the company has commenced legal proceedings for breach of contract.

Despite failing to meet its sales targets in respect of online sales, the management accounts for the 11 months to November 30, 2015, indicate an increase in sales revenue of 12% compared with the same period in 2014. Inventory and receivables balances are significantly higher than the previous year as a result of the increased level of activity.

Management is planning to expand the retail activities of the business by opening additional retail outlets. It is hoping to fund the expansion with a bank loan and has approached the company’s bankers to provide the funding. The bankers require the audited financial statements before making a decision. Management is keen to have the funding in place to progress with the expansion and would like to have the audit completed by February 28, 2016.

Required:

(a) Identify the key business risks from the circumstances described above.
(b) List the factors which have led you to identify that risk.
(c) Outline the audit work you would perform to address the risk.

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AAA – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Risk Management in Audits

Describe audit risk and its components, and identify inherent risks in auditing a charity.

Home Care is a charity that provides accommodation for unemployed young people.
The constitution of the charity explains how the charity’s income could be spent and also contains a requirement that administrative expenditure cannot exceed 10% of income in any year.

The charity’s income is mainly derived from voluntary cash donations collected by volunteers from members of the public. Recently, the charity’s income has been impacted by the current global economic and financial meltdown.

Required:

a. Describe the term ‘audit risk’ and explain the THREE elements of risk that contribute to total audit risk. (8 Marks)

b. Using the information provided in the question, identify FOUR areas of inherent risk to be taken into account in planning the audit of Home Care and explain the effect of each of these risks on the audit approach. (12 Marks)

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AAA – May 2019 – L3 – Q5 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess inherent risks and identify specific audit risks related to auditing the financial statements of Insurgency Relief Providers (IRP).

Insurgency Relief Providers (IRP) is a non-governmental organization set up by a popular philanthropist from the southwest part of the country. The philanthropist sits as the chairman of the board of trustees and has a manager who is a close relative of the chief executive officer. All the management activities are in the hands of the manager, and the board of trustees sits occasionally to formalize major decisions. Initially, the sum of ₦50,000,000 was provided by the philanthropist, and fundraising was organized to raise an additional ₦200,000,000 in cash and pledges by political associates. The activity of IRP has been carried out with these and other donations from friends and well-wishers.

Activities of IRP are essentially performed in the northeastern region of the country. These activities include food and material supply using chartered vehicles and police/military escorts. The distribution is carried out with the involvement of some staff of the NGO who travel by air and within the safe zones of the region.

Due to the successes recorded and the need to increase these activities, the chairman of the board of trustees has made appeals to some foreign-friendly associates to be involved in his organization’s activities by providing financial support. A number of these organizations have shown interest and would want to review the operational activities and financial statements of IRP over the past three years.

For the purpose of the current request from foreign associates and other agencies, a statutory audit of the financial statements is required.

Your firm was appointed and has accepted the engagement.

Required:
a. Assess the inherent risks associated with the audit of the financial statements of IRP. (10 Marks)
b. Identify FIVE audit risks to be addressed by the auditor. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate key risk areas for auditors in consolidating Nigerian and UK company accounts, considering transfer pricing and related party transactions.

BARCHI International Limited is a company with corporate registrations in both the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Nigeria. The Chairman of the company is based in Nigeria and from time to time travels to the U.K. to oversee the office there and order for the purchase of some of the articles for sale. To ensure steady supply of the products, some of the products are also ordered from China. The purchases from the U.K. are charged to the Nigerian entity in pound sterling, while the purchases from China are charged to the Nigerian company in American dollars.

In September 2020, the Chairman embarked on a trip to Dubai for two weeks where he spent part of his annual holiday. During this period, he hosted a couple of friends with the costs that were paid for by the company as the costs were above his approved annual holiday expenses. He subsequently traveled to the U.K. and was quarantined for two weeks due to COVID-19 before moving to the usual business lodge that he uses. Despite using that period to oversee the U.K. company, all the costs incurred were borne by the Nigerian company.

The products bought in the U.K. and sent to Nigeria were charged at cost plus 25%, while the Nigerian company was responsible for insurance and freight. The goods purchased from China were forwarded to Nigeria at the cost of landing in Nigeria plus 30%. The China-made products are less expensive and therefore give better profits despite the cost of the long-distance freight.

Money was transferred to the Chairman’s account for the company’s purchases in the U.K., the purchases made in China, and the Chairman’s personal expenses. An agent in China bought the goods which were paid for by the Chairman.

The U.K. company staff handled the documentation of all the transactions of the Chairman while there and transferred them to Nigeria subject to the approval of the Chairman.

Separate records were not maintained for the Chairman’s expenses in the U.K. However, his comparison of the results of the two units showed that for the immediate past financial year, the Nigerian company had performed sub-optimally and way below the targeted profit in relation to the U.K. company. The Chairman is very unhappy about this as he expects that his personal visit to the U.K. would reduce the purchasing and associated costs.

It is usual for the Chairman to account for the cost of purchases based on his personal expenses attributable to each purchase together with the actual cost of purchases. The U.K. component is elated about this costing method which favors it and would wish that this arrangement continues.

The two units prepare separate financial statements which are audited by separate accounting firms before the two financial statements are consolidated in Nigeria for the Chairman’s evaluation.

Required:

Evaluate, with appropriate justifications, from the scenario above, the areas of risk which the auditor needs to consider. (15 Marks)

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AAA – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate risks in PK Industries' scenario, discuss related party risk assessment per ISA 550, and provide audit guidelines based on ISA 600.

Messrs PK Industries Limited was incorporated and operates its business in Nigeria. The company has existed over the years. During most of this period, it imported some major components from China. Imports usually take some time to arrive after necessary forms have been completed and submitted to the bank.

Two of the directors have two other companies that supply fuel and other local resources needed by the company. The company’s directors are aware of this but prefer to do their business rather than patronize other suppliers.

In the last few years, the turnover of the company fluctuated between ₦500 million and ₦1 billion. The two other companies owned by the two directors are currently trading on loans granted by the company.

Following what was considered to be an increasingly harsh economic environment and high cost of power supply, the company registered a subsidiary company with a production outfit in Ghana while still maintaining its head office operations in Nigeria. Part of the raw materials needed in Ghana are procured in Nigeria and transported to Ghana through hired trailers. This process is being used until a suitable supplier is found in Ghana.

The company decided to hold the next Annual General Meeting (AGM) in the company’s premises in Ghana, with all the directors/shareholders traveling to Ghana on a direct flight from Abuja to Accra at the company’s expense. It was decided that this was an opportunity to evaluate the Ghanaian environment for further business decisions.

The audit of the Nigerian company and its Ghanaian company were done by different firms.

Required:

(a) Evaluate the risks involved in the scenario above. (5 Marks)

(b) Discuss the risk assessment procedures that the auditor of Messrs PK Industries Limited needs to adopt as required by ISA 550. (11 Marks)

(c) Prepare the key guidelines to the audit in accordance with ISA 600. (4 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – AII – Q18 – Risk Management in Audits

Identifies the corporate factor that has increased the risk exposure of auditors over the last decade.

The rate of corporate ………… in the last ten years has tended to increase the risk exposure of the auditor.

 

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – AII – Q10 – Risk Management in Audits

Defines money laundering as an attempt to legitimize the origin of illicit funds.

Money laundering is an attempt to ……………. the origin of the money by making it look legitimate or clean.

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AAA – May 2018 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Risk Management in Audits

Identify and explain audit procedures to assess the going concern of Reliance Ventures Limited and steps if going concern assumption is invalid.

Reliance Ventures Limited has been trading in imported goods for many years. The company’s fortune has started to diminish as a result of the current economic environment. Your firm has been the auditor of the company in the last three years. You have noticed that the shareholders’ equity of the company has been eroded and is currently in deficit. This condition has raised significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Required:

  1. Identify and explain FOUR audit procedures to be performed by the audit team to determine the going concern status of the company. (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss FOUR of the steps that the auditor should take if he considers that the going concern assumption is invalid whereas management considers it to be valid. (5 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Explain materiality, benchmarks, and factors affecting materiality determination in audits.

The audit plan and scope was presented to the Audit Committee of Deinde Limited for the year ended December 31, 2020. The external auditors of the company stated:

“We would estimate materiality using profit before tax for the full year. We would estimate our preliminary materiality based on expected results for the full year. We will perform a materiality re-assessment at year-end to confirm adequacy or otherwise of our preliminary materiality. We will report to the Audit Committee on all unadjusted misstatements greater than our established threshold unless they are qualitatively immaterial.”

Your uncle, who is a member of the Audit Committee, discussed this matter with you and requested that you explain the issue further.

Required:

a. Explain the concepts of materiality and performance materiality in an audit of financial statements.

(3 Marks)

b. Explain the benchmark for determining materiality. (5 Marks)

c. Discuss the factors that may affect the identification of an appropriate benchmark. (7 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess audit risks in taking on Pony Bank Plc, recommend management and audit firm actions to address financial statement risks, and draft a management letter.

The management of Pony Bank Plc and its wholly owned subsidiary, Ponte Micro Finance Bank Limited, engaged in fraudulent activities involving the arrangement of bogus loans amounting to ₦5.5 billion in worthless assets, which were undetected by the previous auditors. The former auditors attributed the oversight to a well-organized group within Pony Bank that actively deceived and obstructed the audit process to conceal their actions.

Your firm, Vic Viv & Co, has recently taken on the audit of Pony Bank Plc.

Requirements:
a. Advise the engagement partner on the risks involved in taking up the audit.

(4 Marks)
b. Recommend appropriate actions for management and your firm to address financial statement risks.

(8 Marks)
c. Prepare a management letter with two matters suitable for submission to the directors.

(8 Marks)

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AAA – May 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess key business risks and outline audit work to address risks in a retail and distribution company scenario.

Your firm was recently appointed the statutory auditors of Foodys, a limited liability company in Nigeria, for the year ended December 31, 2015. The previous auditors, from whom your firm has received professional clearance, did not wish to be re-appointed as auditors.

The principal activities of the company are the distribution and retail of fine Spanish food products. All products are imported from suppliers based in Spain and delivered to Foodys’s central warehouse in the southwest of Nigeria. The company has its own retail outlets but also supplies national supermarket chains and small independent retailers in Nigeria. Sales through Foodys’s retail outlets are on a cash basis, and sales to supermarkets and independent retailers are on credit basis.

The company maintains computerised records for inventories held at the distribution centre and retail outlets. The inventory records are supported by continuous counting procedures, and as a result, the company does not undertake a physical count at the year end.

Foodys’s retail outlets are equipped with computerised tills. As each sale is recorded, the computer updates the quantity sold and the inventory balance. The manager at each outlet is responsible for banking the takings on a daily basis.

During the year, the company engaged consultants to design and implement the company’s new website with online ordering facilities. Under the terms of the contract, the website was scheduled to be operational by the end of September 2015 in order to take advantage of the high seasonal demand at this time of the year. Due to technical problems, the website was not launched until the end of November 2015. The consultants have been paid in full for their work. However, the company has commenced legal proceedings for breach of contract.

Despite failing to meet its sales targets in respect of online sales, the management accounts for the 11 months to November 30, 2015, indicate an increase in sales revenue of 12% compared with the same period in 2014. Inventory and receivables balances are significantly higher than the previous year as a result of the increased level of activity.

Management is planning to expand the retail activities of the business by opening additional retail outlets. It is hoping to fund the expansion with a bank loan and has approached the company’s bankers to provide the funding. The bankers require the audited financial statements before making a decision. Management is keen to have the funding in place to progress with the expansion and would like to have the audit completed by February 28, 2016.

Required:

(a) Identify the key business risks from the circumstances described above.
(b) List the factors which have led you to identify that risk.
(c) Outline the audit work you would perform to address the risk.

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AAA – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Risk Management in Audits

Describe audit risk and its components, and identify inherent risks in auditing a charity.

Home Care is a charity that provides accommodation for unemployed young people.
The constitution of the charity explains how the charity’s income could be spent and also contains a requirement that administrative expenditure cannot exceed 10% of income in any year.

The charity’s income is mainly derived from voluntary cash donations collected by volunteers from members of the public. Recently, the charity’s income has been impacted by the current global economic and financial meltdown.

Required:

a. Describe the term ‘audit risk’ and explain the THREE elements of risk that contribute to total audit risk. (8 Marks)

b. Using the information provided in the question, identify FOUR areas of inherent risk to be taken into account in planning the audit of Home Care and explain the effect of each of these risks on the audit approach. (12 Marks)

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AAA – May 2019 – L3 – Q5 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess inherent risks and identify specific audit risks related to auditing the financial statements of Insurgency Relief Providers (IRP).

Insurgency Relief Providers (IRP) is a non-governmental organization set up by a popular philanthropist from the southwest part of the country. The philanthropist sits as the chairman of the board of trustees and has a manager who is a close relative of the chief executive officer. All the management activities are in the hands of the manager, and the board of trustees sits occasionally to formalize major decisions. Initially, the sum of ₦50,000,000 was provided by the philanthropist, and fundraising was organized to raise an additional ₦200,000,000 in cash and pledges by political associates. The activity of IRP has been carried out with these and other donations from friends and well-wishers.

Activities of IRP are essentially performed in the northeastern region of the country. These activities include food and material supply using chartered vehicles and police/military escorts. The distribution is carried out with the involvement of some staff of the NGO who travel by air and within the safe zones of the region.

Due to the successes recorded and the need to increase these activities, the chairman of the board of trustees has made appeals to some foreign-friendly associates to be involved in his organization’s activities by providing financial support. A number of these organizations have shown interest and would want to review the operational activities and financial statements of IRP over the past three years.

For the purpose of the current request from foreign associates and other agencies, a statutory audit of the financial statements is required.

Your firm was appointed and has accepted the engagement.

Required:
a. Assess the inherent risks associated with the audit of the financial statements of IRP. (10 Marks)
b. Identify FIVE audit risks to be addressed by the auditor. (5 Marks)

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AAA – May 2022 – L3 – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate key risk areas for auditors in consolidating Nigerian and UK company accounts, considering transfer pricing and related party transactions.

BARCHI International Limited is a company with corporate registrations in both the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Nigeria. The Chairman of the company is based in Nigeria and from time to time travels to the U.K. to oversee the office there and order for the purchase of some of the articles for sale. To ensure steady supply of the products, some of the products are also ordered from China. The purchases from the U.K. are charged to the Nigerian entity in pound sterling, while the purchases from China are charged to the Nigerian company in American dollars.

In September 2020, the Chairman embarked on a trip to Dubai for two weeks where he spent part of his annual holiday. During this period, he hosted a couple of friends with the costs that were paid for by the company as the costs were above his approved annual holiday expenses. He subsequently traveled to the U.K. and was quarantined for two weeks due to COVID-19 before moving to the usual business lodge that he uses. Despite using that period to oversee the U.K. company, all the costs incurred were borne by the Nigerian company.

The products bought in the U.K. and sent to Nigeria were charged at cost plus 25%, while the Nigerian company was responsible for insurance and freight. The goods purchased from China were forwarded to Nigeria at the cost of landing in Nigeria plus 30%. The China-made products are less expensive and therefore give better profits despite the cost of the long-distance freight.

Money was transferred to the Chairman’s account for the company’s purchases in the U.K., the purchases made in China, and the Chairman’s personal expenses. An agent in China bought the goods which were paid for by the Chairman.

The U.K. company staff handled the documentation of all the transactions of the Chairman while there and transferred them to Nigeria subject to the approval of the Chairman.

Separate records were not maintained for the Chairman’s expenses in the U.K. However, his comparison of the results of the two units showed that for the immediate past financial year, the Nigerian company had performed sub-optimally and way below the targeted profit in relation to the U.K. company. The Chairman is very unhappy about this as he expects that his personal visit to the U.K. would reduce the purchasing and associated costs.

It is usual for the Chairman to account for the cost of purchases based on his personal expenses attributable to each purchase together with the actual cost of purchases. The U.K. component is elated about this costing method which favors it and would wish that this arrangement continues.

The two units prepare separate financial statements which are audited by separate accounting firms before the two financial statements are consolidated in Nigeria for the Chairman’s evaluation.

Required:

Evaluate, with appropriate justifications, from the scenario above, the areas of risk which the auditor needs to consider. (15 Marks)

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AAA – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Risk Management in Audits

Evaluate risks in PK Industries' scenario, discuss related party risk assessment per ISA 550, and provide audit guidelines based on ISA 600.

Messrs PK Industries Limited was incorporated and operates its business in Nigeria. The company has existed over the years. During most of this period, it imported some major components from China. Imports usually take some time to arrive after necessary forms have been completed and submitted to the bank.

Two of the directors have two other companies that supply fuel and other local resources needed by the company. The company’s directors are aware of this but prefer to do their business rather than patronize other suppliers.

In the last few years, the turnover of the company fluctuated between ₦500 million and ₦1 billion. The two other companies owned by the two directors are currently trading on loans granted by the company.

Following what was considered to be an increasingly harsh economic environment and high cost of power supply, the company registered a subsidiary company with a production outfit in Ghana while still maintaining its head office operations in Nigeria. Part of the raw materials needed in Ghana are procured in Nigeria and transported to Ghana through hired trailers. This process is being used until a suitable supplier is found in Ghana.

The company decided to hold the next Annual General Meeting (AGM) in the company’s premises in Ghana, with all the directors/shareholders traveling to Ghana on a direct flight from Abuja to Accra at the company’s expense. It was decided that this was an opportunity to evaluate the Ghanaian environment for further business decisions.

The audit of the Nigerian company and its Ghanaian company were done by different firms.

Required:

(a) Evaluate the risks involved in the scenario above. (5 Marks)

(b) Discuss the risk assessment procedures that the auditor of Messrs PK Industries Limited needs to adopt as required by ISA 550. (11 Marks)

(c) Prepare the key guidelines to the audit in accordance with ISA 600. (4 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – AII – Q18 – Risk Management in Audits

Identifies the corporate factor that has increased the risk exposure of auditors over the last decade.

The rate of corporate ………… in the last ten years has tended to increase the risk exposure of the auditor.

 

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AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – AII – Q10 – Risk Management in Audits

Defines money laundering as an attempt to legitimize the origin of illicit funds.

Money laundering is an attempt to ……………. the origin of the money by making it look legitimate or clean.

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AAA – May 2018 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Risk Management in Audits

Identify and explain audit procedures to assess the going concern of Reliance Ventures Limited and steps if going concern assumption is invalid.

Reliance Ventures Limited has been trading in imported goods for many years. The company’s fortune has started to diminish as a result of the current economic environment. Your firm has been the auditor of the company in the last three years. You have noticed that the shareholders’ equity of the company has been eroded and is currently in deficit. This condition has raised significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Required:

  1. Identify and explain FOUR audit procedures to be performed by the audit team to determine the going concern status of the company. (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss FOUR of the steps that the auditor should take if he considers that the going concern assumption is invalid whereas management considers it to be valid. (5 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Risk Management in Audits

Explain materiality, benchmarks, and factors affecting materiality determination in audits.

The audit plan and scope was presented to the Audit Committee of Deinde Limited for the year ended December 31, 2020. The external auditors of the company stated:

“We would estimate materiality using profit before tax for the full year. We would estimate our preliminary materiality based on expected results for the full year. We will perform a materiality re-assessment at year-end to confirm adequacy or otherwise of our preliminary materiality. We will report to the Audit Committee on all unadjusted misstatements greater than our established threshold unless they are qualitatively immaterial.”

Your uncle, who is a member of the Audit Committee, discussed this matter with you and requested that you explain the issue further.

Required:

a. Explain the concepts of materiality and performance materiality in an audit of financial statements.

(3 Marks)

b. Explain the benchmark for determining materiality. (5 Marks)

c. Discuss the factors that may affect the identification of an appropriate benchmark. (7 Marks)

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AAA – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Risk Management in Audits

Assess audit risks in taking on Pony Bank Plc, recommend management and audit firm actions to address financial statement risks, and draft a management letter.

The management of Pony Bank Plc and its wholly owned subsidiary, Ponte Micro Finance Bank Limited, engaged in fraudulent activities involving the arrangement of bogus loans amounting to ₦5.5 billion in worthless assets, which were undetected by the previous auditors. The former auditors attributed the oversight to a well-organized group within Pony Bank that actively deceived and obstructed the audit process to conceal their actions.

Your firm, Vic Viv & Co, has recently taken on the audit of Pony Bank Plc.

Requirements:
a. Advise the engagement partner on the risks involved in taking up the audit.

(4 Marks)
b. Recommend appropriate actions for management and your firm to address financial statement risks.

(8 Marks)
c. Prepare a management letter with two matters suitable for submission to the directors.

(8 Marks)

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