Topic: Costing Techniques

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MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q4a – Costing Techniques

Identify the purposes of standard costing systems and the types of standards used in management information.

a. Standard costing systems are widely used because they provide cost information for many different purposes.

Required:
i. Identify FIVE of such purposes. (5 Marks)
ii. State THREE types of standards. (3 Marks)

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MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q11 – Costing Techniques

Identify the method that allocates overhead to products based on activities that give rise to costs.

Which of the following attributes support overhead to products using the activities which give rise to the cost?

A. Activity based costing

B. Absorption costing

C. Marginal costing

D. Standard costing

E. Activity based budgeting

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MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Costing Techniques

Determine when the profit under marginal costing equals that of absorption costing.

In which of the following will the profit of marginal costing equal absorption costing?

A. There is only closing stock

B. There is only opening stock

C. There is both opening and closing stock

D. There is no change in stock levels

E. There are lower fixed costs

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MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Costing Techniques

Calculate the capacity ratio based on actual and budgeted labour hours.

The data below are from the records of a company:

  • Budgeted labour hours: 4,500
  • Actual labour hours: 4,200
  • Standard hours produced: 4,400

The capacity ratio is:

A. 107%

B. 102%

C. 98%

D. 95%

E. 93%

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MI – Nov 2020 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Costing Techniques

Calculation of the prime cost of a job given the overheads and selling price.

A company calculates the prices of jobs by adding overheads to prime cost and adding 30% to total costs as profit margin. A job was sold for N1,690,000 and incurred overheads of N694,000. The prime cost of the job is:

A. N489,000

B. N606,000

C. N996,000

D. N1,300,000

E. N1,400,000

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MI – Nov 2015 – L1 – SB – Q1 – Costing Techniques

Involves calculating the life cycle target cost and addressing cost reduction actions for a new product.

XYZ Limited has just designed a new consumer product – XEE, which is expected to have a ten-year life cycle. Based on its market research, XYZ Limited’s Management has determined that the new product should be packaged in a 5kg-polymer sack with a selling price of N150 in the first four years, N120 in the next four years, and N90 per unit during the last two years.

Sales in units are expected as follows:

Year Units
1 400,000
2 500,000
3 600,000
4 800,000
5 1,000,000
6 1,200,000
7 900,000
8 600,000
9 500,000
10 300,000

Variable selling costs are expected to be N10 per package throughout the product’s life. Annual fixed selling and administrative costs are estimated to be N1,200,000. XYZ Limited’s management desires a 25% profit margin on the selling price.

Required:
a. Compute the life cycle target cost of manufacturing the product (round up to the nearest kobo). (14 Marks)

b. If XYZ Limited anticipated that the new product will cost N90.50 per unit to manufacture in the first year, what are the maximum manufacturing costs in the following nine years? (3 Marks)

c. Suppose that the outcome of the market research indicates that expected manufacturing cost per unit over the product life cycle is N89.90, what actions would the company take to reduce this cost? (3 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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MI – Nov 2015 – L1 – SA – Q7 – Costing Techniques

Uses the high-low method to calculate fixed and variable cost elements from activity data.

Use the high-low method to calculate the Fixed Cost (FC) and Variable Cost (VC) elements of the

A. VC = N0.08/unit, FC = N1,120/unit
B. VC = N0.88/unit, FC = N1,020/unit
C. VC = N0.80/unit, FC = N1,220/unit
D. VC = N0.82/unit, FC = N1,320/unit
E. VC = N0.85/unit, FC = N1,330/unit

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MI – Nov 2015 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Costing Techniques

Determines the appropriate basis for apportioning joint security costs among shop owners.

The Management of Tejuosho Shopping Mall incurred a certain amount of money as joint security cost for the month of October 2014. What will be the most appropriate basis of apportioning this cost amongst the individual shop owners in the mall?
A. Value of inventory held in each store/shop
B. Cost of equipment in each shop
C. Number of workers in each shop
D. Floor area occupied by each shop
E. Turnover recorded by each shop

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MI – Nov 2015 – L1 – SA – Q5 – Costing Techniques

Calculates the budgeted contribution using marginal costing principles.

A company manufactures and sells a single product. During the month of November 2014, the budgeted total production cost was N210,000 including budgeted fixed production overheads of N55,000. Budgeted sales was 8,750 units at N30.
If the company applies marginal costing principles, what would be the budgeted contribution for the month?
A. N 52,500
B. N 77,500
C. N 97,500
D. N107,500
E. N117,500

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MI – May 2018 – L1 – SA – Q7 – Costing Techniques

Features of standard cost.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of standard cost?
A. Estimated
B. Predetermined
C. Actual
D. Basis for later comparison
E. Developed from historical data

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q10 – Costing Techniques

Identify incorrect cost pool to cost driver relationship.

Which of the following cost pools to cost drivers relationship is incorrect?
A. Set-up to number of set-ups
B. Material handling to number of material movement
C. Maintenance to number of maintenance
D. Depreciation of machine to number of machine hours
E. Material procurement to number of inspection

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Costing Techniques

Determine when overhead is under-absorbed.

Overhead is under-absorbed when:
A. Budgeted cost exceeds actual costs
B. Budgeted cost equals actual costs
C. Budgeted cost is less than standard cost
D. Actual cost exceeds budgeted cost
E. Actual cost is more than the variance achieved

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q7 – Costing Techniques

Identify the costing method used for mass production.

Question:
A situation in which there is mass production of identical units of products and costs are not necessarily assigned to individual units of output is known as:
A. Job costing
B. Step costing
C. Joint costing
D. Process costing
E. Batch costing

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q6 – Costing Techniques

Identify the costing technique where variable costs are charged to cost units.

In which costing technique are variable costs charged to cost units and period costs written off against contribution?
A. Contract costing
B. Activity-based costing
C. Process costing
D. Marginal costing
E. Batch costing

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q5 – Costing Techniques

Identify the structural determinant of cost in activity-based costing.

In activity-based costing (ABC), the structural determinants of the cost of an activity are called:
A. Cost pools
B. Cost drivers
C. Prediction
D. Cost estimation
E. Cost activities

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Costing Techniques

Identify the cost that varies with capacity utilization.

Which of the following costs vary with capacity utilization?
A. Straight line depreciation
B. Production manager’s salary
C. Factory rent
D. Piece rate wages
E. Plant hire

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MI – May 2017 – L1 – SA – Q1 – Costing Techniques

Identify the cost type for Plant and Equipment procured three years ago.

The cost of Plant and Equipment procured three years ago is a good example of a:
A. Controllable cost
B. Notional cost
C. Budgeted cost
D. Sunk cost
E. Relevant cost

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MI – Mar-Jul 2020 – L1 – SB – Q2b – Costing Techniques

Prepare ledger accounts for a backflush accounting system based on the given data for production and sales.

XYZ operates a backflush accounting system with the following standard costs:

  • Raw materials (5Kg per unit) @ N230 per Kg
  • Personnel cost @ N300 per unit
  • Overheads @ N750 per unit

During a period, the following was achieved:

  • Raw materials purchased: 24,500 Kg
  • Production: 4,800 units
  • Sales: 4,600 units

There was no opening stock, and the triggers used for initiating accounting entries are:

  • Purchase of raw materials;
  • Sale of finished goods.

Required:

Prepare the following ledger accounts:

i. Combined raw materials and work-in-progress (WIP)
ii. Conversion cost
iii. Cost of goods sold
iv. Period expenses

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MI – Mar-Jul 2020 – L1 – SB – Q2a – Costing Techniques

List the characteristics of a Just-In-Time (JIT) environment in manufacturing.

The aim of the just-in-time system is to produce the required items with high quality and at the exact time required.

i. List FIVE characteristics of the just-in-time environment. (5 Marks)
ii. List FIVE benefits from the just-in-time system. (5 Marks)

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MI – Mar-Jul 2020 – L1 – SA – Q12 – Costing Techniques

Identify the type of standard that assumes imperfect conditions.

The standard set on the assumption of conditions that recognise an element of imperfection is known as:

A. Ideal standard
B. Basic standard
C. Current standard
D. Attainable standard
E. Favourable standard

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