Subject: CREDIT MANAGEMENT- LENDING

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q6 – Bridging Facilities in Lending

Define bridging facility, distinguish between closed and open types, and discuss associated risks.

Bridging Facilities are credit facilities that are of large value and for that matter provide significant income to the Lender. However, they also pose a lot of risk to the Lender.

(a) What is a Bridging Facility? [2 Marks]

(b) Distinguish between a Closed Bridge Facility and an Open Bridge Facility. [4 Marks]

(c) Discuss four (4) key risks associated with Closed Bridge Facilities. [8 Marks]

(d) Discuss risks associated with Open Bridge Facilities. [6 Marks]

[TOTAL MARKS 20]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q5 – Necessity of Credit Administration in Credit Management

Debate the statement that credit administration is unnecessary as a tool in credit management.

Credit Administration as a tool of Credit Management is unnecessary. Discuss.

[20 Marks]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q4 – Relevance of ESG in Bank Credit Strategy

Discuss the importance of incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into a bank's credit strategy.

Discuss the relevance of ESG considerations in Bank Credit Strategy.

[20 Marks]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q3 – Critical Evaluation of Property Development Lending for Arikpo Properties Ltd

Critically evaluate Arikpo Properties Ltd's proposal for funding a 10-storey office complex, with land contributed by the director, total costs including cumulative construction, under bank's 2/3 funding policy.

Arikpo Properties Ltd. a properties development company has been your customer over the past ten years since its inception, bringing your bank impressive inflows of cash. Arikpo Properties was founded by Mr. Jacob Arikpo-Agyapong and Mrs. Mary Arikpo-Agyapong, aged 55 years and 53 years respectively. The business operates by hiring contractors to put up commercial properties on their behalf for sale to property investors, businesses, banks, supermarkets and professional services firms such as lawyers and accountants.

They have a Project Manager in the person of John Adjei, aged 40. He holds a BSc in Building Technology from the University of Business and Technology in Assin Fosu. He has been with the company since inception. Prior to this, he worked with the 21st Century Builders Ltd. for five years after his first degree.

Mrs. Arikpo takes care of the Accounts. She is a trained teacher. She left the teaching field ten yours ago to join hands with her husband in establishing the business. She is now in the final stage of her ACCA Course.

The company’s office is located on the ground floor of one of their edifices in Kasoa, which he had reserved for his business after sale of the other spaces to clients.

The business is mostly engaged in property development now as they got their fingers burnt during the first years of operation when they had devoted some of their properties to property investment.

Their account in the previous year took a downward trend and your investigations show that they took a hit with the last project when the original contractor did some shoddy work and absconded. They had to employ a new contractor who did a good job and the spaces are now up for sale. He shows you copies of cheques he has received from buyers totaling GHCS,100,000.00.

He comes to you with a new proposition. His wife has brought in additional capital by way of a ten (10) acre plot of land with an estimated value of GHCl,500,000.00 which she inherited from her late parents. The land is located in a prime area in Tema. They intend to break down the old colonial building on the property and put up a ten-storey office complex for sale to property investors, banks, supermarkets and training facilities. He has also entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with a host of property investors to take up a significant portion of the available space.

The Project details are as follows:

Cost of Plot of Land 1,500,000,00 Cost of Facilities (Roads, Utilities and Sewage) 1,500,000,00

Cumulative Project Cost Foundation 1,800,00000,0 Ist to 5th Floor 10,800,000,00 5th to 10th Floor 22,800,000,000 Finishing 28,800,000,00 Estimated Selling Price per Floor 4,500,000,00

Assumptions The bank’s policy is to provide two-thirds of the funding, if the customer is able to come up with one-third of the cost of the project plus half of the value of land and cost of installing facilities.

Critically evaluate this proposition.

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q2 – Critical Examination of Lending Proposition for Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd

Critically examine a request from Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd for Letters of Credit issuance for USD 480,000 (two trucks at USD 240,000 each), with 20% equity and bank funding the rest via a 7-year term loan.

John Mensah aged 45 is the CEO of Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd… your valued customers. He rose to the position of CEO when his father. Joseph Mensah passed away two years ago. He holds a first degree in Business Administration and has worked in his father’s company since he completed his National Service. Jmens has operated an account with your bank since inception. fifteen years ago.

The company’s account operations have deteriorated drastically following the passing of John’s father and John has explained to you that the situation arose from a dispute with his father’s friend. Joel Dadzie, aged 65, who had been the CEO since the inception of the company. This impasse was only settled when he agreed to the payment of a package for him to leave the business.

Now that he is in full control. John tells you that he has been able to streamline the operations of the business with the help of his bosom friend. Kwweku Bonsu aged 42 a Chartered Accountant, who worked for a construction company for ten years, prior to joining John to turnaround the business. John has also brought in an Operations Manager. Stephen Ooge, aged 47, a Procurement Management professional with vast experience in retail business having worked with Ogona Ventures, a well-known chain of supermarkets for a very long time. John holds an MBA in Finance from the University of Ghana.

The company has five outlets located on the outskirts of Tema and Accora where business is booming. Each of these outlets have an articulator truck that are devoted to the carting of the iron rods and cement and other goods from the manufacturers. He has now added two outlets, one at Mfnasa on the Nswwam Road, and the other on the Cape Coast Road, just beyond Kasoa. These outskirts have seen a boom in building activities in recent times and John plans to take advantage of this. He tells you that he would need two (2) more articulator trucks to serve the region.

John has established contact with manufacturers who are quoting a price of USD 240,000,00 per truck. The manufacturers are ready to give him a grace period of 6 months if he is able to secure Letters of Credit from a reputable bank covering the amount.

John is asking if your bank would agree to issue the Letters of Credit on behalf of his company to the manufacturers. He says he can come up with 20% of the cost of the vehicles and asks you if you could fund the difference and make full payment for the required Letters of Credit when it matures in six months’ time. He is willing to repay the bank back over a period of seven years. GHS1USD = GHS 13.5

Critically examine this proposition. [30 MARKS]

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CML – APRIL 2024 – LEVEL 3 – Q1 – BA Brazil Nuts Ltd Lending Proposition

Critically examine a request from BA Brazil Nuts Ltd for an overdraft increase to GHC10 million and a USD 500,000 term loan for new equipment, considering their financials, operations, and recent challenges like a fire outbreak.

Your valued customers of twenty years, BA Brazil Nuts Ltd was established twenty-six years ago by Herbert Obeng, aged 62 and his wife Martha Obeng, aged 58, both graduates in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Science, Industry and Technology. They also have MBA certificates in Marketing. Prior to this, they both worked with the Gold Coast Food Production and Distribution Service, a State Corporation engaged in the cultivation, purchase and distribution of food supplies. Herbert serves as both Board Chairman and CEO of the company. He is also in charge of Farming Operations. The Farm Managers at the company’s farms report directly to Herbert. Martha serves as the CFO and Executive in charge of Marketing. She is supported by an Accounts Clerk, Jones Pino, aged 25 who has just completed his professional examination in Accounting. ICA (Ghana). The company also has a pool of skilled workers poached from other reputable industrial establishments.

The company is located at Ekumfi Swedru in the Central Region of the country and boasts of a state of the art Brazil nut production plant and a five storey office building. The company has two articulator trucks which are used in the carting of the Brazil nuts to the ports for export. The company is engaged in the production, roasting, packing and export of processed Brazil nuts primarily to the EU and Great Britain which take 60% of its products. The rest is sold locally (20%) and to other parts of the world (20%) including Australia and the US.

The company has operated an impressive account over the years until a year ago when you saw a sharp dip in the company’s turnover. In your interaction with Herbert, you learnt that there had been a fire outbreak which affected a significant part of the company’s farm holdings in the Bono Region of the country. He had to replenish his stock of Brazil nuts at a higher cost from his colleagues who also have farms in this part of the country. Your latest investigations show that the company has replanted the burnt area with Brazil nut seedlings.

In one of your visits, it came to your attention that Herbert was building a new factory at Winneba about eighty (80) kilometers away. When you queried him, he told you he was anticipating expanding his market in US and Australia.

The company’s Overdraft Facility of GHC 5,000,000.00 is showing a hard core at around GHC 3,000,000.00. The company is requesting for:

  1. An increase in the Overdraft Facility to GHC10 million in support of Working Capital.
  2. A Term Loan of USD 500,000 for the purchase of new Brazil Nut Roasting and Packaging Plant for the new factory. GHS/USD = GHS 13.5/USD1

Critically examine this proposition. [30 MARKS] BA Brazil Nuts Ltd. Profit and Loss Extracts for the year ending 31 Dec

2021 2022 2023
GHC GHC GHC
5,750,000 6,900,000 7,690,000
472,610 534,100 758,420
3,150,000 4,142,000 4,605,800
3,622,610 4,676,100 5,364,220
534,100 758,420 985,400
3,088,510 3,917,680 4,378,820
2,661,490 2,982,320 3,311,180
690,000 779,700 991,580
405,000 417,400 777,400
1,566,490 1,785,220 1,542,200
439,600 574,000 684,500
1,126,890 1,211,220 857,700
281,723 302,805 214,425
845,167 908,415 643,275

BA Brazil Nuts Ltd. Balance Sheet as at 31 Dec

Ratios 2021 2022 2023 Sales Growth

20.00%

11.45%

Receivable Days

98

112

141

Payable Days

90

75

78

Inventory Turnover Days

63

71

82

Gross Margin

46%

43%

43%

Overhead %

12%

11%

13%

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q6 – Bridging Facilities in Lending

Define bridging facility, distinguish between closed and open types, and discuss associated risks.

Bridging Facilities are credit facilities that are of large value and for that matter provide significant income to the Lender. However, they also pose a lot of risk to the Lender.

(a) What is a Bridging Facility? [2 Marks]

(b) Distinguish between a Closed Bridge Facility and an Open Bridge Facility. [4 Marks]

(c) Discuss four (4) key risks associated with Closed Bridge Facilities. [8 Marks]

(d) Discuss risks associated with Open Bridge Facilities. [6 Marks]

[TOTAL MARKS 20]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q5 – Necessity of Credit Administration in Credit Management

Debate the statement that credit administration is unnecessary as a tool in credit management.

Credit Administration as a tool of Credit Management is unnecessary. Discuss.

[20 Marks]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q4 – Relevance of ESG in Bank Credit Strategy

Discuss the importance of incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into a bank's credit strategy.

Discuss the relevance of ESG considerations in Bank Credit Strategy.

[20 Marks]

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q3 – Critical Evaluation of Property Development Lending for Arikpo Properties Ltd

Critically evaluate Arikpo Properties Ltd's proposal for funding a 10-storey office complex, with land contributed by the director, total costs including cumulative construction, under bank's 2/3 funding policy.

Arikpo Properties Ltd. a properties development company has been your customer over the past ten years since its inception, bringing your bank impressive inflows of cash. Arikpo Properties was founded by Mr. Jacob Arikpo-Agyapong and Mrs. Mary Arikpo-Agyapong, aged 55 years and 53 years respectively. The business operates by hiring contractors to put up commercial properties on their behalf for sale to property investors, businesses, banks, supermarkets and professional services firms such as lawyers and accountants.

They have a Project Manager in the person of John Adjei, aged 40. He holds a BSc in Building Technology from the University of Business and Technology in Assin Fosu. He has been with the company since inception. Prior to this, he worked with the 21st Century Builders Ltd. for five years after his first degree.

Mrs. Arikpo takes care of the Accounts. She is a trained teacher. She left the teaching field ten yours ago to join hands with her husband in establishing the business. She is now in the final stage of her ACCA Course.

The company’s office is located on the ground floor of one of their edifices in Kasoa, which he had reserved for his business after sale of the other spaces to clients.

The business is mostly engaged in property development now as they got their fingers burnt during the first years of operation when they had devoted some of their properties to property investment.

Their account in the previous year took a downward trend and your investigations show that they took a hit with the last project when the original contractor did some shoddy work and absconded. They had to employ a new contractor who did a good job and the spaces are now up for sale. He shows you copies of cheques he has received from buyers totaling GHCS,100,000.00.

He comes to you with a new proposition. His wife has brought in additional capital by way of a ten (10) acre plot of land with an estimated value of GHCl,500,000.00 which she inherited from her late parents. The land is located in a prime area in Tema. They intend to break down the old colonial building on the property and put up a ten-storey office complex for sale to property investors, banks, supermarkets and training facilities. He has also entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with a host of property investors to take up a significant portion of the available space.

The Project details are as follows:

Cost of Plot of Land 1,500,000,00 Cost of Facilities (Roads, Utilities and Sewage) 1,500,000,00

Cumulative Project Cost Foundation 1,800,00000,0 Ist to 5th Floor 10,800,000,00 5th to 10th Floor 22,800,000,000 Finishing 28,800,000,00 Estimated Selling Price per Floor 4,500,000,00

Assumptions The bank’s policy is to provide two-thirds of the funding, if the customer is able to come up with one-third of the cost of the project plus half of the value of land and cost of installing facilities.

Critically evaluate this proposition.

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CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q2 – Critical Examination of Lending Proposition for Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd

Critically examine a request from Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd for Letters of Credit issuance for USD 480,000 (two trucks at USD 240,000 each), with 20% equity and bank funding the rest via a 7-year term loan.

John Mensah aged 45 is the CEO of Jmens Hardware Dealers Ltd… your valued customers. He rose to the position of CEO when his father. Joseph Mensah passed away two years ago. He holds a first degree in Business Administration and has worked in his father’s company since he completed his National Service. Jmens has operated an account with your bank since inception. fifteen years ago.

The company’s account operations have deteriorated drastically following the passing of John’s father and John has explained to you that the situation arose from a dispute with his father’s friend. Joel Dadzie, aged 65, who had been the CEO since the inception of the company. This impasse was only settled when he agreed to the payment of a package for him to leave the business.

Now that he is in full control. John tells you that he has been able to streamline the operations of the business with the help of his bosom friend. Kwweku Bonsu aged 42 a Chartered Accountant, who worked for a construction company for ten years, prior to joining John to turnaround the business. John has also brought in an Operations Manager. Stephen Ooge, aged 47, a Procurement Management professional with vast experience in retail business having worked with Ogona Ventures, a well-known chain of supermarkets for a very long time. John holds an MBA in Finance from the University of Ghana.

The company has five outlets located on the outskirts of Tema and Accora where business is booming. Each of these outlets have an articulator truck that are devoted to the carting of the iron rods and cement and other goods from the manufacturers. He has now added two outlets, one at Mfnasa on the Nswwam Road, and the other on the Cape Coast Road, just beyond Kasoa. These outskirts have seen a boom in building activities in recent times and John plans to take advantage of this. He tells you that he would need two (2) more articulator trucks to serve the region.

John has established contact with manufacturers who are quoting a price of USD 240,000,00 per truck. The manufacturers are ready to give him a grace period of 6 months if he is able to secure Letters of Credit from a reputable bank covering the amount.

John is asking if your bank would agree to issue the Letters of Credit on behalf of his company to the manufacturers. He says he can come up with 20% of the cost of the vehicles and asks you if you could fund the difference and make full payment for the required Letters of Credit when it matures in six months’ time. He is willing to repay the bank back over a period of seven years. GHS1USD = GHS 13.5

Critically examine this proposition. [30 MARKS]

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CML – APRIL 2024 – LEVEL 3 – Q1 – BA Brazil Nuts Ltd Lending Proposition

Critically examine a request from BA Brazil Nuts Ltd for an overdraft increase to GHC10 million and a USD 500,000 term loan for new equipment, considering their financials, operations, and recent challenges like a fire outbreak.

Your valued customers of twenty years, BA Brazil Nuts Ltd was established twenty-six years ago by Herbert Obeng, aged 62 and his wife Martha Obeng, aged 58, both graduates in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Science, Industry and Technology. They also have MBA certificates in Marketing. Prior to this, they both worked with the Gold Coast Food Production and Distribution Service, a State Corporation engaged in the cultivation, purchase and distribution of food supplies. Herbert serves as both Board Chairman and CEO of the company. He is also in charge of Farming Operations. The Farm Managers at the company’s farms report directly to Herbert. Martha serves as the CFO and Executive in charge of Marketing. She is supported by an Accounts Clerk, Jones Pino, aged 25 who has just completed his professional examination in Accounting. ICA (Ghana). The company also has a pool of skilled workers poached from other reputable industrial establishments.

The company is located at Ekumfi Swedru in the Central Region of the country and boasts of a state of the art Brazil nut production plant and a five storey office building. The company has two articulator trucks which are used in the carting of the Brazil nuts to the ports for export. The company is engaged in the production, roasting, packing and export of processed Brazil nuts primarily to the EU and Great Britain which take 60% of its products. The rest is sold locally (20%) and to other parts of the world (20%) including Australia and the US.

The company has operated an impressive account over the years until a year ago when you saw a sharp dip in the company’s turnover. In your interaction with Herbert, you learnt that there had been a fire outbreak which affected a significant part of the company’s farm holdings in the Bono Region of the country. He had to replenish his stock of Brazil nuts at a higher cost from his colleagues who also have farms in this part of the country. Your latest investigations show that the company has replanted the burnt area with Brazil nut seedlings.

In one of your visits, it came to your attention that Herbert was building a new factory at Winneba about eighty (80) kilometers away. When you queried him, he told you he was anticipating expanding his market in US and Australia.

The company’s Overdraft Facility of GHC 5,000,000.00 is showing a hard core at around GHC 3,000,000.00. The company is requesting for:

  1. An increase in the Overdraft Facility to GHC10 million in support of Working Capital.
  2. A Term Loan of USD 500,000 for the purchase of new Brazil Nut Roasting and Packaging Plant for the new factory. GHS/USD = GHS 13.5/USD1

Critically examine this proposition. [30 MARKS] BA Brazil Nuts Ltd. Profit and Loss Extracts for the year ending 31 Dec

2021 2022 2023
GHC GHC GHC
5,750,000 6,900,000 7,690,000
472,610 534,100 758,420
3,150,000 4,142,000 4,605,800
3,622,610 4,676,100 5,364,220
534,100 758,420 985,400
3,088,510 3,917,680 4,378,820
2,661,490 2,982,320 3,311,180
690,000 779,700 991,580
405,000 417,400 777,400
1,566,490 1,785,220 1,542,200
439,600 574,000 684,500
1,126,890 1,211,220 857,700
281,723 302,805 214,425
845,167 908,415 643,275

BA Brazil Nuts Ltd. Balance Sheet as at 31 Dec

Ratios 2021 2022 2023 Sales Growth

20.00%

11.45%

Receivable Days

98

112

141

Payable Days

90

75

78

Inventory Turnover Days

63

71

82

Gross Margin

46%

43%

43%

Overhead %

12%

11%

13%

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