Professional Body: ICA (Nigeria)

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  • 6 Marks

CR – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Financial Analysis and Investment Evaluation

Compute financial ratios for Nsawkaw PLC to evaluate its financial performance for investment recommendation.

Nsawkaw PLC (NK), a gold processing and trading company, has been identified by Djaraye Private Equity Fund (DPEF) as a target for long-term equity investment. As a financial consultant of DPEF, you have been tasked to evaluate the integrated financial condition of NK and make an investment recommendation.

Below are the summarised versions of NK’s Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2024 (together with its comparative period):

Summarised Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 June 2024

2024 (GH¢000) 2023 (GH¢000)
Revenue 2,538,000 2,125,000
Operational expenses (1,909,100) (1,592,900)
Interest costs (186,700) (157,250)
Taxation (234,000) (198,500)
Profit after tax 208,200 176,350
Other comprehensive income 17,900 10,550
Total comprehensive income 226,100 186,900

Summarised Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 30 June 2024

Equity Holders of the Parent (GH¢000) Non-controlling Interests’ Equity (GH¢000) Total Equity (GH¢000)
2024
Balances b/d 457,200 65,600 522,800
Total comprehensive income 190,800 35,300 226,100
Dividends (110,000) (8,700) (118,700)
Balances c/d 538,000 92,200 630,200
2023
Balances b/d 355,000 46,650 401,650
Total comprehensive income 160,500 26,400 186,900
Dividends (58,300) (7,450) (65,750)
Balances c/d 457,200 65,600 522,800

Summarised Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024

2024 (GH¢000) 2023 (GH¢000)
Non-current assets
Property, plant, and equipment 718,000 657,000
Others 156,000 99,000
Total Non-current assets 874,000 756,000
Current assets
Trade receivables 140,000 121,000
Others 236,500 123,050
Total Current assets 376,500 244,050
Total Assets 1,250,500 1,000,050
Total Equity and Liability 1,250,500 1,000,050

Additional information:

  1. The total number of equity shares outstanding was 1.2 million and 1.4 million at 30 June 2023 and 30 June 2024 respectively.
  2. Other comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests for the years ended 30 June 2023 and 2024 amounted to GH¢8.05 million and GH¢9.6 million respectively.
  3. Non-current liabilities at 30 June 2023 and 30 June 2024 amounted to GH¢250,800 and GH¢308,510 respectively.
  4. The following metrics have been gleaned from NK’s published sustainability reports across the two years:
Metric 2024 2023
Scope 1 & 2 carbon emissions (tonnes of CO2) 650 780
Scope 3 carbon emissions (tonnes of CO2) 2,400 2,380
Women in senior management (%) 21 16
Total recordable injury frequency rate (TRIFR) per 100 full-time workers 3.3 4.1

The scope and definitions of the above sustainability measures have remained materially unchanged across the two years.

Required:

Compute the following ratios for the years ended 2024 & 2023:

  1. Operating profit margin
  2. Return on parent’s equity
  3. Earnings per share
  4. Current ratio
  5. Trade receivables days
  6. Total liabilities to total assets %

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  • 15 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q7 – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Evaluate the accounting treatment for non-current assets held for sale, impairments, and intangible assets for Ondo Telecoms Limited under IFRS.

ONDO TELECOMS LIMITED

Ondo Telecoms Limited is one of the biggest telecoms companies in Abuja. One month after the year-end, the Chief Finance Officer (CFO), while reviewing the company’s activities came up with the following issues for the year ended 30 September, 2014:

(a) The Board of Directors is not impressed with the performance of the Home Broadband operating segment which posted a loss of N1.7 billion in 2014 financial year following another loss of N0.8 billion in the 2013 financial year.

(b) The carrying amount of the assets in the segment is N4.3 billion as at 30 September, 2014 and N4.5 billion as at 30 September, 2013. Professional valuers were engaged and they came up with a fair value of N4.2 billion as at 30 September, 2013.

(c) The Board of Directors made the final decision in June 2014 to sell off the assets in this segment and concentrate on other business lines. Since the beginning of September, four serious bidders have been negotiating with Ondo. The board anticipates the sale to be concluded by the end of May 2015 with the transaction cost of N0.3 million.

(d) On 1 November 2013, Ondo Telecoms Limited acquired a block of flats with an estimated useful life of 50 years at a total cost of N225 million. The blocks of flats are to be rented out to its employees and engineers at market prices. The decision to acquire the block of flats was made by the board due to the need to have the engineers close to the head office to attend to technical issues immediately they arise.

(e) Professional valuers were engaged to value the flats as at 30 September, 2014 and a fair value of N232 million was determined.

(f) International Telecom Limited, which acquired Edo Communications Limited during the year, has just published its results. Edo Communications Limited was a direct competitor to Ondo Telecoms Limited and does similar business. The CFO noted that International Telecom Ltd. shows an asset of N110 million arising from Edo Communication Limited customer lists’. This made the CFO realize how valuable the customer details are and has engaged a professional valuer who valued them at N98 million.

(g) Over the years, Ondo Telecoms Limited’s main business has been the provision of mobile and fixed landlines services as well as broadband services. In July 2013, Ondo Telecoms Limited bid for the award of a subscription television license from the government.

(h) Ondo Telecoms Limited won the bid and paid N560 million for a five-year license beginning 1 October 2013. The license is transferred and at the time of winning the bid, the fair value of the license was estimated at N580 million. Due to the slow uptake of the television business, the license was revalued at N420 million as at 30 September, 2014 by a professional valuer.

Required:
Advise, with suitable computations, how the above transactions should be accounted for in the financial statements of Ondo Telecoms Limited under IFRS for the year ended 30 September, 2014.

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  • 15 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q6 – Ethical Issues in Corporate Reporting

Analyze the financial reporting needs and efficiency challenges of not-for-profit organizations, including asset valuation at cost vs. fair value.

NICE & DICE

NICE & DICE is a large charity located in Abuja and set up to provide support and assistance to disadvantaged people in major cities. Most of the charity’s income comes from members of the public through direct cash collections and regular monthly payments from donors. The other source of funding comes from government bodies who give grants to support specific projects that are recognized as being beneficial to the public good.

The charity publishes a detailed annual report. Performance is described largely in terms of an analysis of income received and the manner in which it has been spent. The trustees are concerned that this type of analysis does not really reflect the performance of the charity. They would like to report performance in terms of the work done rather than in terms of cash inflows and outflows. They want donors to appreciate how efficient the charity is.

The statement of financial position of the charity is a typical one for a large organization. NICE & DICE owns numerous properties in Abuja, some of which have been owned for many years. These are shown at historical cost less depreciation. The trustees do not wish to revalue the properties because this will create the impression that the charity is wealthy and that it does not require further financial support.

Required:
(a) Prepare a report to the trustees of Nice & Dice advising them on the reasons why specialized entities are required to publish detailed information about their activities. (5 Marks)
(b) Analyze the problems of quantifying and reporting the efficiency of not-for-profit organizations such as Nice & Dice. (5 Marks)
(c) Discuss the decision of the trustees to value its properties at cost less depreciation rather than at fair value. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q5 – Introduction to Corporate Reporting

Discuss the need for IFRS for SMEs and evaluate simplified recognition principles for reducing reporting burdens on Jossy Limited.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (SMEs)

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for small and medium size entities (SMEs) was mandatorily adopted in Nigeria as at January 1, 2014. Entities that do not meet the IFRS for SME criteria shall report using Small and Medium Size Entities Guidelines on Accounting (SMEGA).

Jossy Limited has total costs excluding land of two-hundred million naira. Being a family business, the labor force totaled 150 workers with an annual turnover of N18 million. The management of this company sought your advice to have better understanding of some of the recognition and measurement principles of SMEs.

Required:
(a) Justify the need for IFRS for SMEs financial statements. (6 Marks)
(b) Assess the circumstances of Jossy Limited and advise on the principal recognition and measurement principles that will reduce the company’s reporting burden. (9 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss implications of changes in accounting policy for intangible assets and demonstrate retrospective application in financial statements.

LIKELY EFFECT LIMITED

Likely Effect Limited has shown a sincere intention to be IFRS compliant. Among a number of events and transactions, there is the need to change the accounting policies of the company in trying to comply with a few other standards. As the Consultant of the company, your attention was drawn to the fact that prior to 2013, the company had capitalized training costs.

According to IAS 38, training cost is regarded as an internally generated intangible asset and cannot be capitalized. Therefore, there is the need for a change of accounting policy which must be applied retrospectively.

The training costs capitalized in 2012 was N6m while the total for periods before 2012 was N12m.
Training costs incurred in 2013 is N4.5m. Retained earnings were N600m and N649m at the beginning and end of 2012 respectively. The corporate income tax rate is 30% for the relevant periods. Additional information available is given below:

2013 (N’M) 2012 (N’M)
Income tax expense 24 21
Profit after tax 56 49
Share capital 50 50

Required:

(a) Advise the directors on the implication of the change in accounting standard relating to treatment of intangible assets and tax effect on the company. (5 Marks)

(b) Prepare statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and changes in equity showing a retrospective application of the change in policy. (7 Marks)

(c) Analyze the effects of the change in accounting policy on periods before 2013. (8 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q3 – Emerging Trends in Corporate Reporting

Analyze financial statements of two companies and discuss limitations of ratio analysis.

Real Expansion Plc is a large group that seeks to grow by acquisition. The directors have identified two potential entities and obtained copies of their financial statements. The accountant of the company computed key ratios to evaluate the performance of these companies relating to:

  • Profitability and returns;
  • Efficiency in the use of assets;
  • Corporate leverage; and
  • Investor-based decisions.

The computation generated hot arguments among the directors, and they decided to engage a Consultant to provide expert advice on which company to acquire.

Extracts from these financial statements are given below:

Required:

(a) As the Consultant to the company, carry out a financial analysis on the financial statements and advise the company appropriately. (15 Marks)

(b) State the major limitations of ratio analysis for performance evaluation. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q2 – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9, IAS 32, IAS 39)

Advise Alilerimba Limited on accounting for convertible bonds, revenue from handsets, and IAS 32 provisions.

The following transactions relate to Alilerimba Limited:

  1. Convertible Bonds
    • On July 1, 2011, Alilerimba Limited issued 400,000 convertible bonds with a 3-year tenure and a total fair value of N4 million, which is also the par value.
    • The bonds carried an interest rate of 16% per annum, payable annually in arrears, while similar bonds without the conversion option carried an interest rate of 19% per annum on the same date.
    • The company incurred 10% issue costs. If the investors did not convert to shares, the bonds would have been redeemed at par.
    • At maturity (June 30, 2014), all bonds were converted into 1 million ordinary shares with a nominal value of N4 per share. No conversions were allowed before maturity.
    • The directors are uncertain how to account for the bonds up to the date of conversion. They were informed that the effective interest rate, considering issue costs, was 24%.
  2. Revenue Recognition for Handsets
    • Alilerimba purchases handsets at N120,000 each and sells them to customers at N90,000, provided the customers also purchase prepaid credit cards.
    • Prepaid credit cards are sold for N12,600 each and expire after six months. The average unused credit per card at expiry is N1,800.
    • Selling costs for the handsets are estimated at N600 per unit.
    • Alilerimba also sells handsets to dealers for N50,000 each, invoicing them for this amount. Dealers are allowed to return the handsets until a service contract is signed by a customer. When a service contract is signed, the handset is given to the customer free of charge.
    • Dealers receive a commission of N168,000 per customer connection. Net of the handset cost (N90,000), Alilerimba pays N78,000 to dealers for each customer connection.
    • Handsets cannot be sold separately by dealers, and the service contract has a 12-month duration. Dealers do not sell prepaid phones, and Alilerimba earns monthly revenue from the service contracts.
    • The Chief Operating Officer, a non-accountant, has requested an explanation of the accounting principles and practices to apply for handset purchases and revenue recognition.
  3. Preference Shares
    • Alilerimba Limited issued 8% preference shares with a redemption feature that entitles holders to receive cash.

Required:

Advise the directors of Alilerimba Limited on:
(a) The accounting treatment for the convertible bonds. (12 Marks)
(b) The accounting principles and practices to apply for the purchase of handsets and recognition of revenue from customers and dealers. (6 Marks)
(c) The provisions of IAS 32 regarding the presentation in financial statements of financial instruments entitling holders to receive cash with a redemption feature. (2 Marks)

(Total: 20 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q1 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for Barewa Group as of 31 May 2013, considering acquisitions and adjustments.

Barewa Plc has two subsidiary companies and one associate. Since the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by companies listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange, Barewa has been preparing its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the provisions of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

The draft Statements of Financial Position of Barewa and its two subsidiaries as at 31 May, 2013 are as follows:

Assets Barewa (N’m) Megida (N’m) Mindara (N’m)
Non-current assets
Plant 2,650 2,300 1,610
Investments – Megida 3,000
Investments – Mindara 1,280
Associate (Calamari) 200
Available for sale 510 60 50
Total Non-current assets 7,640 2,360 1,660
Current assets
Inventory 1,350 550 730
Trade receivables 910 450 320
Cash and cash equivalent 1,020 1,000 80
Total Current assets 3,280 2,000 1,130
Total Assets 10,920 4,360 2,790
Equity and Liabilities
Share capital 5,200 2,200 1,000
Retained earnings 2,400 1,500 800
Other components of equity 120 40 70
Total equity 7,720 3,740 1,870
Non-current liabilities
Long-term loans 1,200 150 50
Deferred tax 250 90 30
Total non-current liabilities 1,450 240 80
Current liabilities
Trade payables 1,150 300 600
Current tax payables 600 80 240
Total current liabilities 1,750 380 840
Total Equity and Liabilities 10,920 4,360 2,790

The following information is relevant to the preparation of the group financial statements:

  • Acquisition of Megida Plc
    • Date of Acquisition: 1 June 2012
    • Barewa acquired 80% of the equity interest in Megida Plc.
    • At the date of acquisition, Megida’s retained earnings were N1.36 billion, and other components of equity amounted to N40 million.
    • There had been no new issuance of share capital by Megida since the acquisition date.
    • The consideration for the acquisition was N3 billion in cash.
    • The fair value of Megida’s identifiable net assets at acquisition was N4 billion, with the excess attributed to an increase in the value of non-depreciable land.
    • An independent valuation determined that the fair value of the non-controlling interest (NCI) in Megida on 1 June 2012 was N860 million.
    • Barewa’s policy is to measure NCI based on their proportionate share in the identifiable net assets of the subsidiary, not at fair value (full goodwill method).
  • Acquisition of Mindara Plc
    • Date of Acquisition: 1 June 2012
    • Barewa acquired 70% of the ordinary shares of Mindara Plc.
    • The consideration for the acquisition included:
      • An upfront payment of N1.28 billion.
      • A contingent consideration requiring Barewa to pay the former shareholders 30% of Mindara’s profits on 31 May 2014 for each of the financial years ending 31 May 2013 and 31 May 2014. This arrangement was valued at N120 million as of 1 June 2012 and remains unchanged. It has not been included in the financial statements.
    • The fair value of the identifiable net assets at acquisition was N1.76 billion. This included retained earnings of N550 million and other components of equity of N70 million.
    • There had been no new issuance of share capital by Mindara since the acquisition date.
    • The excess fair value of the net assets was due to an increase in property, plant, and equipment (PPE), which is depreciated on a straight-line basis over seven years.
    • The fair value of the non-controlling interest (NCI) in Mindara was N530 million on the acquisition date.
  • Investment in Calamari Plc
    • On 1 June 2011, Barewa acquired a 10% interest in Calamari Plc for N80 million. This was classified as an available-for-sale investment.
    • As of 31 May 2012, the value of this investment had increased to N90 million.
    • On 1 June 2012, Barewa acquired an additional 15% interest in Calamari for N110 million, achieving significant influence.
    • Calamari recorded profits after dividends of N60 million and N100 million for the financial years ending 31 May 2012 and 31 May 2013, respectively.
  • Equity Instrument Purchase
    • On 1 June 2012, Barewa purchased an equity instrument valued at 100 million pesos, classified as available-for-sale.
    • Relevant exchange rates:
      • 31 May 2012: N5.1 to 1 peso.
      • 31 May 2013: N5.0 to 1 peso.
    • The fair value of the instrument as of 31 May 2013 was 90 million pesos, reflecting an impairment that Barewa has not recorded.
  • Loan to a Director
    • A loan of N10 million to a director has been included in cash and cash equivalents.
    • The loan is repayable on demand with no specific repayment date.
    • The directors believe that this treatment complies with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as no IFRS explicitly prohibits showing the loan as cash.
  • Goodwill Impairment
    • There is no impairment of goodwill arising from the acquisitions.

Required

Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for Barewa Group as of 31 May 2013.

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – May 2016 – L3 – Q6 – Audit Reporting

Discuss audit work and written representation letter for legal claims, outstanding balances, and investments.

Bob Removals Limited is a removals company. In the year ended December 31, 2015, the company made a trading profit of N800,000. You are the manager in charge of the audit.
The following issues have arisen:

(i) A customer is suing the company for N1 million for damage caused to antique furniture. The company is defending the claim and believes that the furniture was a reproduction as opposed to antique and therefore worth only N100,000.
(ii) A balance due from Safe Storage in respect of sub-contract work, of N300,000, has been outstanding for over six months. Your firm has been asked by Bob Removals’ accountant not to write to Safe Storage for direct confirmation of this amount as the latter company objects to such letters. You have been assured by the accountant that the relationship between the two companies is good and that the outstanding balance will be paid.
(iii) Bob Removals has recently invested in four new removal vans and is currently carrying out extensive refurbishment of its premises. As a result of this expenditure, the company has reached its overdraft limit of N500,000.

Required:

For each of the above issues:
a. State, with reasons, the audit work that you would expect to find when undertaking your review of the audit working papers for the year ended December 31, 2015.
b. Draft the relevant sections dealing with these issues of the written representation letter you would wish the directors to sign.

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Ethical Issues in Auditing

Identify and discuss fraud and error in the audit of Badagry Yachting and Marina.

Badagry Yachting and Marina (BYM) have a marina on the West Coast of Nigeria and a large sales operation dealing in yachts and speedboats. You are responsible for the audit of BYM and have found some potential causes of concern that could indicate fraudulent activity or financial misconduct within the company. In particular:

(i) 30% of the yachts on sale by BYM are supplied through one of the major international boating companies with a special finance arrangement deal. However, BYM have also obtained separate finance on these yachts, which are therefore in effect being ‘double financed’.
(ii) Ten yachts shown as assets by BYM cannot be located, with no explanation other than that they have not been sold. These yachts are worth approximately N50 million.
(iii) Long delays have occurred in performing reconciliations, with the last four months of reconciliations still not completed. At the time of the last reconciliation, material differences had been identified upon which no action appears to have been undertaken.
(iv) Sales have been overstated by N100 million in the current financial statements.
The finance director has been off sick with stress for the last five months and therefore has not been available to discuss any of the issues identified.

Required:

a. Explain the difference between fraud and error and how the issues shown here could be categorised as fraud or error. (6 Marks)
b. Discuss the role of management and the role of the auditor in the prevention and detection of fraud and error. (3 Marks)
c. Describe what steps you would take to further investigate and then report on the matters referred to above. (6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q7 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Provide background on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its use in project evaluation.

ou were recently appointed by a major manufacturing company as the senior accountant at one of the divisions of the company, which is located in Makurdi. You have received the following memorandum from the divisional manager:

“I tried to see you today, but you were busy with the auditors.
I have to go to a meeting at the head office on Friday about the new project. We sent to the head office its projected cash flow figures before you arrived. Apparently, one of the head office finance people has discounted our figures, using a rate which was calculated from the Capital Asset Pricing Model. I do not know why they are discounting the figures, because inflation is predicted to be negligible over the next few years. I think that this is all a ploy to stop us from going ahead with the project and let another division have the cash.
I looked up Capital Asset Pricing Model in a finance book which was lying in your office, but I could not make a head or tail of it, and anyway it all seemed to be about buying shares and nothing about our project.
We always use payback for the smaller projects which we do not have to refer to head office. I am going to argue for it now because the project has a payback of less than five years, which is our normal yardstick.
I am very keen to go ahead with the project because I feel that it will secure the medium-term future of our division.
I will be tied up all day tomorrow, so again I will not be able to see you. Could you please make a few notes for me which I can read on the way on Friday morning? I want to know how the Capital Asset Pricing Model is supposed to work, plus any other things which you feel I ought to know for the meeting. I do not want to look like a fool or lose the project because they blind me with science.
As you have probably discovered, I do not know much about finance, so please do not use any technical jargon or complicated maths.”

Required:
Prepare notes for the divisional manager which provide helpful background for the meeting.

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q6 – Financial Risk Management

Analyze the use of an interest rate swap between two companies for mutual benefit.

Large Plc. (LP) wishes to borrow N200 million for five years to finance the purchase of new non-current assets. The preference of the company’s Directors is that these funds are borrowed at a fixed rate of interest. The company’s long-term debt is currently rated BBB, meaning LP would have to pay 6.5% p.a. for fixed rate borrowing. Alternatively, LP could borrow at a floating rate, i.e. the prime lending rate (PLR) + 2.25% at the present time.

The Directors of LP have recently been informed by its bank that TK Plc. is also currently looking to borrow N200 million for five years at a floating rate of interest, and its AA rating gives it access to floating rate borrowing at PLR + 1.50% per annum. TK Plc. would pay 5.50% per annum for fixed rate borrowing at the present time.

Required:

a. State FIVE reasons that a company might have for entering into an interest rate swap. (5 Marks)

b. Show how an interest rate swap could be used to the equal benefit of both companies, assuming that the terms of the swap agreement are such that LP’s swap payment to TK Plc. is to be 5.5% fixed per annum. (7 Marks)

c. Identify, with a supporting brief explanation, which of the two companies would be disadvantaged if the PLR were to fall consistently within the five-year term of the interest rate swap. (1 Mark)

d. Identify TWO risks that both companies will face, should they decide to enter into the interest rate swap agreement. (2 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q5 – Corporate Governance and Financial Strategy

Identify stakeholders involved in conflicts in different corporate decisions.

In each of the following situations, identify the stakeholders that could be involved in potential conflicts:

a. A large conglomerate ‘spinning off’ its divisions by selling them or setting them up as separate companies. (5 Marks)

b. A private company converting into a public company. (5 Marks)

c. A Japanese car manufacturer building new plants in other countries. (5 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Analyze and propose the use of convertible bonds for funding a warehouse project.

You are a financial consultant to a major company based in Kano. The company plans to build a major warehouse in Abuja. You plan to convince the company’s manager to raise the needed funds through a convertible bond issue. Based on the company’s current bond rating of BBB, you have projected the following offer terms:

  • Maturity: 6 years
  • Annual Coupon: 1%
  • Conversion Ratio: 50 shares
  • Par Value per Bond: ₦1,000
  • Issue Price: 98% of par value
  • Current Stock Price: ₦16
  • Risk-free Rate: 0.5%
  • Coupon on Straight Bonds: 2% (trading at par)

The proposal suggests raising up to ₦20,000,000. However, with key financial ratios close to the boundaries of the rating category, offering the full amount could threaten the BBB rating.

Given an average business risk profile, the following rating guidelines apply:

Rating Category Minimum Interest Cover Default Spread
BBB 2.39 0.5%
BBB- 2.04 1.0%

Selected Financial Data about the Company:

  • Estimated EBIT: ₦2,200,000
  • Current Interest Expenses: ₦800,000

Required:

a.
i. Determine the value of the convertible bond offer. (5 Marks)
ii. Discuss why the convertible bond cannot generally be considered as “cheap debt” despite its low coupon, given its financing advantage quantified in economic terms. (3 Marks)

b.
i. Compute the company’s current interest coverage ratio. (1 Mark)
ii. How much money should be raised with the convertible bond issue (in thousands of naira) to avoid the threat of a rating downgrade, based on the quoted rating guidelines? (4 Marks)

c. Advise the company on the advantages of convertible bonds for companies on one hand and for investors on the other hand. (7 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q3 – Business Valuation Techniques

Compute Free Cash Flow to Equity and value per share using FCFE model.

LA Ltd., a food packaging company, has operated as a private company for the past 10 years. The company has been growing rapidly over the last few years. The Directors are now considering listing the company on the stock market. Preparatory to this, the Directors are interested in determining a fair price per share for the company. Assume today is November 1, 2016.

The following information has been extracted from the most recent audited financial statements of LA Ltd:

Statement of Profit or Loss, October 31, 2016

₦million
Sales Revenue 15,790
Cost of Sales (13,514)
EBITDA 2,276
Depreciation (440)
EBIT 1,836
Interest Expense (330)
Earnings Before Tax 1,506
Tax at 30% (452)
Profit After Tax 1,054

Statement of Financial Position as at October 31:

Additional Facts

  • The Directors believe that the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model should provide an appropriate valuation for the company’s shares.
  • An investment banker has provided the following estimates of cost of capital:
    • Cost of equity: 15%
    • Post-tax cost of debt: 4%
    • WACC: 12.5%
  • The Directors believe that the FCFE will grow by 18% for the next 5 years and by 5% thereafter.
  • The company currently has 600 million shares in issue.

Required:

a. Calculate the free cash flow available to equity for the year ended October 31, 2016. (7 Marks)

b. Use the Free Cash Flow to Equity model to calculate the current value per share. (5 Marks)

c. What are the key advantages and disadvantages of stock exchange listing? (8 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Calculate gearing ratio, rights issue impacts, and shareholder implications.

LL Plc. is a large engineering company. Its ordinary shares are quoted on the Stock Exchange.

LL Plc.’s Board is concerned that the company’s gearing level is too high and that this is having a detrimental impact on its market capitalisation. As a result, the Board is considering a restructuring of LL Plc.’s long-term funds, details of which are shown here as at 28 February, 2017:

Funding Source Total Par Value (₦m) Market Value
Ordinary Share Capital (50k) 67.5 ₦2.65/share ex-div
7% Preference Share Capital (₦1) 60.0 ₦1.44/share ex-div
4% Redeemable Debentures (₦100) 45.0 90% ex-int

The debentures are redeemable in 2022. LL Plc.’s earnings for the year to 28 February, 2017 were ₦32.4 million and are expected to remain at this level for the foreseeable future. Retained earnings, as at 28 February, 2017 were ₦73.2 million.

The Board is considering a 1 for 9 rights issue of ordinary shares, and this additional funding would be used to redeem 60% of LL Plc.’s redeemable debentures at par. However, some of LL Plc.’s directors are concerned that this issue of extra ordinary shares will cause the company’s ordinary share price and its earnings per share (EPS) to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s shareholders. Accordingly, they are arguing that the rights issue should be designed so that the EPS is not diluted by more than 5%.

The Directors wish to assume that the income tax rate will be 21% for the foreseeable future and the tax will be payable in the same year as the cash flows to which it relates.

Required:
a. i. Calculate LL Plc.’s gearing ratio using both book and market values. (5 Marks)

ii. Discuss, with reference to relevant theories, why LL Plc.’s Board might have concerns over the level of gearing and its impact on LL Plc.’s market capitalisation. (6 Marks)

b. Assuming that a 1 for 9 rights issue goes ahead, calculate the theoretical ex-rights price of LL Plc.’s ordinary share and the value of a right. (3 Marks)

c. Discuss the Directors’ view that the rights issue will cause the share price and the EPS to fall by an excessive amount, to the detriment of LL Plc.’s ordinary shareholders. Your discussion should be supported by relevant calculations. (6 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q1 – Cost of Capital

Calculate project-specific cost of capital and assess project feasibility.

K Plc., a listed company based in Warri, Delta state, has been involved in producing boats (but excluding the engines). The company is now considering diversifying into the production of a major component of outboard engine. For this purpose, the company has recently purchased the patent rights for ₦15 million to produce the component.

K Plc. has spent ₦20 million developing prototypes of the component and undertaking market studies. The research studies came to the conclusion that the component will have significant commercial potential for a period of five years, after which newer components would come into the market and the sales revenue from the component would virtually fall to zero. The research studies have also found that in the first two years (the development phase), there will be considerable training and development costs and fewer components will be produced and sold. However, sales revenue is expected to grow rapidly in the following three years (the commercial phase).

It is estimated that in the first year, the selling price would be ₦2,000 per component, the variable costs would be ₦800 per component, and the total direct fixed costs would be ₦6,000,000. Thereafter, while the selling price is expected to increase by 8% per year, the variable and fixed costs are expected to increase by 5% per year for the next four years. Training and development costs are expected to be 120% of variable costs in the first year, 40% in the second year, and 10% in each of the following three years.

The estimated average number of outboard engine components produced and sold per year is given below:

Year Units produced and sold
1 15,000
2 40,000
3 100,000
4 120,000
5 190,000

Machinery, costing ₦480,000,000, will need to be installed prior to the commencement of component production. K Plc. has enough space in its factory to manufacture the components and therefore will incur no additional rental costs. Tax-allowable depreciation is available on the machinery at 10% on a straight-line basis. The machinery is expected to be sold for ₦160,000,000 at the end of year 5. The company makes sufficient profits from its other activities to take advantage of any tax loss relief available from this project.

Initially, K Plc. will require additional working capital for the project of 20% of the first year’s sales revenue. Thereafter, every ₦1 increase in sales revenue will require a 10% increase in working capital.

Although this would be a major undertaking for the company, it is confident that it can raise the finance required for the machinery and the first year’s working capital. The financing will be through a mixture of a rights issue and a bank loan, in the same proportion as the market values of current equity and debt capital. Any annual increase in working capital after the first year will be financed by internally generated funds.

Marine Engineers (ME) Plc. is a listed company involved in the manufacture of outboard engine components for many years.

Additional data
Extracts from Statement of Financial Position:

The loan notes of ME Plc. are quoted at ₦102 per ₦100

Other Data:

  • Tax rate applicable to K Plc. and ME Plc.: 20%
  • Estimated risk-free rate of return: 3%
  • Historic equity market risk premium: 6%

Required:

a. Given the information on ME Plc. and the project financing mix, including any other relevant information, calculate the project-specific cost of capital. (5 Marks)

b. Assess whether K Plc. should undertake the project of developing and commercializing the major component of outboard engine, assuming a discount rate of 12% as being applicable for the assessment, irrespective of your calculations in (a) above. (22 Marks)

c. State any THREE relevant assumptions made for your calculations in (a) and (b) above. (3 Marks)

(Total 30 Marks)

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  • 7 Marks

ATAX – May 2017 – L3 – Q7b – Petroleum Profits Tax (PPT)

Explain "Memorandum of Understanding" in PPT computation and highlight the Year 2000 MOU details.

i. Describe briefly your understanding of the term “Memorandum of Understanding” as it applies to Petroleum Profits Tax computation. (3 Marks)

ii. State FOUR highlights of the Year 2000 Memorandum of Understanding. (4 Marks)

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  • 8 Marks

ATAX – May 2017 – L3 – Q7a – Petroleum Profits Tax (PPT)

List eight items disallowed by the Petroleum Profits Tax Act in ascertaining adjusted profit.

As the newly appointed Tax Consultant to a company, you are required to make a presentation stating EIGHT items specifically disallowed by the Petroleum Profits Tax Act Cap. P13 LFN 2004 as amended, in ascertaining the adjusted profit of an accounting period. (8 Marks)

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  • 8 Marks

ATAX – May 2017 – L3 – Q6b – Corporate Tax Compliance and Reporting

Compute the Companies Income Tax liability for small businesses using the small business rate and explain the computations.

You have been provided with the following information in respect of THREE small businesses:

You are required to:
i. Compute the Companies Income Tax liability for each of the companies for the relevant assessment year, using the small business rate. (3 Marks)
ii. Give reasons for your computations. (5 Marks)

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